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also known as satyavrata and shraddhadeva vaivasvata manu had seventy children including ila and ikshvaku the progenitors of the lunar and solar dynasties of the kshatriyas which play a prominent role in the origin stories of the royal families of the vedic period 31 the mahabharata states that it is of manu that all men including brahmanas kshatriyas vaishyas sudras and others have been descended 32 note 3 tentative chronology edit see also dashavatara the puranas have been used by some to give a tentative overview of indian history prior to the bharata war 18 gulshan 1940 dates the start of the reign of manu vaivasvata at 7350 bce 18 the puranas give 95 kings in the ikshvaku dynasty between shraddhadeva manu aka manu vaivasvata the progenitor of humanity and the bharata war 33 7 dating the bharata war at 1400 bce a d pusalkar 1962 uses this list to give the following chronology 33 pre flood tradition and the dawn of history the great flood and manu vaivasvata the period of king yayati c 3000 2750 bce the period of king mandhatri c 2750 2550 bce the period of parashurama the sixth avatar of vishnu c 2550 2350 bce the period of rama the seventh avatar of vishnu c 2350 1750 bce the period of krishna the eighth avatar of vishnu c 1950 1400 bce the bharata war c 1400 bce puranic chronology a new theory of ancient indian chronology 34 bharata war edit main article kurukshetra war popular tradition holds that the bharata war marks the transition to kali yuga the mathematician aryabhata 6th century calculated the kali yuga epoch based on planetary conjunctions as 18 february 3102 bc this date has become widespread in indian tradition some sources mark this as the disappearance of krishna from the earth 35 the aihole inscription of pulikeshi ii dated to shaka 556 634 ad claims that 3735 years have elapsed since the bharata battle putting the date of the bharata war at 3101 bc 36 37 38 another traditional school of astronomers and historians represented by vriddha garga varahamihira author of the brihat samhita and kalhana author of the rajatarangini place the war 653 years after the kali yuga epoch corresponding to 2449 bc 39 puranic genealogies give a different date saying that the war took place about 1 000 years before the beginning of the nanda dynasty leading to a date of about 1400 bc 40 f e pargiter comparing various different puranas suggested that the original number was 1 500 which was wrongly copied in various texts as 1000 1015 or 1050 giving a date of about 1900 bc 41 the historicity of the war is subject to scholarly discussion and dispute 42 43 the existing text of the mahabharata went through many layers of development and mostly belongs to the period between c 500 bc and 400 ad 44 45 within the frame story of the mahabharata the historical kings parikshit and janamejaya are featured significantly as scions of the kuru clan 46 and michael witzel concludes that the general setting of the epic has a historical precedent in iron age vedic india where the kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 bc 46 professor alf hiltebeitel says that the mahabharata is essentially mythological 47 indian historian upinder singh has written that whether a bitter war between the pandavas and the kauravas ever happened cannot be proved or disproved it is possible that there was a small scale conflict transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets some historians and archaeologists have argued that this conflict may have occurred in about 1000 bce 43 despite the inconclusiveness of the data attempts have been made to assign a historical date to the war attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid 2nd millennium bc 48 vedveer arya author and ma in sanskrit gives the date of 3162 bc by various arguments including interpreting the aihole inscription as using the old shaka era which based on a comparison of eclipses mentioned in inscriptions he argues counts from 583 bc 49 50 p v holey states a date of 13 november 3143 bc using planetary positions and calendar systems 51 verification needed k sadananda based on translation work states that the war started on 22 november 3067 bc citation needed b n achar used planetarium software to argue that the war took place in 3067 bc 52 s balakrishna concluded a date of 2559 bc using consecutive lunar eclipses r n iyengar concluded that out of a range of 501 bc 3250 bc a date of 1478 bc was the best fit for the sequence of eclipses and planetary positions described in the text 53 p r sarkar estimates a date of 1298 bc for the war dieter koch writer on the history of astronomy and astrology dates the war to 1198 bc based on super conjunctions 54 kesheo lakshman daftari one of the members of the calendar reform committee which prepared the indian national calendar holds that the war took place in 1197 bc 55 post bharata war edit the epics and puranas give lists of various dynasties of kings after the war which are sometimes confirmed by other sources and sometimes contradicted by them and sometimes contradict each other 56 the vedic foundation gives the following chronology of ancient india since the time of krishna and the bharata war web 1 note 4 3228 bce descension of krishna note 5 3138 bce the bharata war start of brihadrath dynasty of magadha start of yudhisthir dynasty of hastinapur 3102 bce ascension of krishna start of kali yuga 2139 bce end of brihadratha dynasty 2139 2001 bce pradyota dynasty 2001 1641 bce shaishunaga dynasty 1887 1807 bce gautama buddha note 6 1641 1541 bce nandas note 7 1541 1241 bce maurya empire note 8 1541 1507 bce chandragupta maurya note 9 1507 1479 bce bindusara note 10 1479 1443 bce ashokavardhan 1241 784 bce shunga empire and kanva dynasty 784 328 bce andhra dynasty note 11 328 83 bce gupta empire note 12 328 321 bce chandragupta vijayaditya note 13 326 bce alexander s invasion 321 270 bce ashoka note 14 102 bce 15 ce vikramaditya established vikram era in 57 bce historicity edit archaeological vs traditional interpretations edit the history of india up to and including the times of the buddha with his life generally placed into the 6th or 5th century bce is a subject of a major scholarly debate the vast majority of historians in the western world accept the theory of indo aryan migrations with c 1500 1200 bce dates for the displacement of indus valley civilisation by aryans and the earliest texts of the rigveda with sanskrit being descended from the language that the aryans brought with them this is supported by linguistic and some archaeological evidence but conflicts with the chronology given in the epics and puranas according to which the vedas written in sanskrit date from many years earlier than this many indian scholars on the other hand support some version of the indigenous aryans theory in which as in the epics and puranas the indian civilisation is of an indigenous nature and the earliest sections of the rigveda date from c 4000 bce or even earlier 58 27 early indian history does not have an equivalent of chronicles like the ones established in the west by herodotus in the 5th century bc or kojiki nihongi in japan with the single exception of rajatarangini history of kashmir there is no historical text in sanskrit dealing with the whole or even parts of india r c majumdar 59 while there are texts in sanskrit the puranas that profess to include the early indian history the western scholars assume them to be compiled by brahmins in the 1st millennium ce thus being contemporary with the described facts only from the time of the guptas 3rd century ce and in general legendary 60 indigenous aryanism 10 000 years in india edit main article indigenous aryanism see also 8th millennium bc the epic puranic chronology has been referred to by proponents of indigenous aryanism putting into question the indo aryan migrations at ca 1500 bce and proposing older dates for the vedic period the conventional position is that the aryans migrated into northern india from central asia after 2000 bce bringing with them their language which was the precursor of sanskrit the language of the vedas itihasas and puranas the indigenists however claim that the aryans are indigenous to india 61 and the indo european languages radiated out from a homeland in india into their present locations 61 according to them the vedas are older than the second millennium bce 62 and texts like the mahabharata reflect historical events which took place before 1500 bce some of them equate the indus valley civilisation with the vedic civilisation 61 state that the indus script was the progenitor of the brahmi 63 and state that there is no difference between the people living in the northern indo european part and the southern dravidian part 62 the theory of indigenous aryanism has no support in mainstream scholarship 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 the idea of indigenous aryanism fits into traditional hindu ideas about their religion namely that it has timeless origins with the vedic aryans inhabiting india since ancient times note 15 m s golwalkar in his 1939 publication we or our nationhood defined famously stated that undoubtedly we hindus have been in undisputed and undisturbed possession of this land for over eight or even ten thousand years before the land was invaded by any foreign race 71 golwalkar was inspired by tilak s note 16 the arctic home in the vedas 1903 who argued that the aryan homeland was located at the north pole basing this idea on vedic hymns and zoroastrian texts 72 golwalkar took over the idea of 10 000 years arguing that the north pole at that time was located in india 72 note 17 subhash kak a main proponent of the indigenist position underwrites the vedic puranic chronology and uses it to recalculate the dates of the vedas and the vedic people 73 74 75 according to kak the indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the sindhu sarasvati or indus tradition 7000 or 8000 bc 73 according to sudhir bhargava the vedas were composed 10 000 years ago when manu supposedly lived in ashrams at the banks of the sarasvati river in brahmavarta the ancient home base of the aryans according to sudhir bhargava people from brahmavarta moved out from brahmavarta into and outside india after 4500 bce when seismic activities had changed the course of the sarasvati and other rivers 76 see also edit new chronology rohl new chronology fomenko yuga vedas vedic science solar dynasty lunar dynasty hindu cosmology nasadiya sukta samudra manthana sanātana dharma brahmanda purana history of india history of hinduism hindu mythological wars puru and yadu dynasties list of indian monarchs list of hindu empires and dynasties notes edit wendy doniger based on the study of indologists assigns approximate dates to the various puranas she dates markandeya purana to c 250 ce with one portion dated to c 550 ce matsya purana to c 250 500 ce vayu purana to c 350 ce harivamsa and vishnu purana to c 450 ce brahmanda purana to c 350 950 ce vamana purana to c 450 900 ce kurma purana to c 550 850 ce and linga purana to c 600 1000 ce 15 the bhagavata purana 1 18 6 vishnu purana 5 38 8 and brahma purana 2 103 8 state that the day krishna left the earth was the day that the dvapara yuga ended and the kali yuga began bhagavata purana part i motilal banarsidass publishers private limited 1950 p 137 1 18 6 on the very day and at the very moment the lord krishna left the earth on that very day this kali the source of irreligiousness in this world entered here wilson h h 1895 the vishnu purana s p c k press p 61 5 38 8 the parijata tree proceeded to heaven and on the same day that hari krishna departed from the earth the dark bodied kali age descended brahma purana part 2 motilal banarsidass 1955 p 515 2 103 8 it was on the day on which krishna left the earth and went to heaven that the kali age with time for its body set in mahbharata and manu was endowed with great wisdom and devoted to virtue and he became the progenitor of a line and in manu s race have been born all human beings who have therefore been called manavas and it is of manu that all men including brahmanas kshatriyas vaishyas sudras and others have been descended and are therefore all called manavas subsequently the brahmanas became united with the kshatriyas and those sons of manu that were brahmanas devoted themselves to the study of the vedas and manu begot ten other children named vena dhrishnu narishyan nabhaga ikshvaku karusha sharyati the eighth a daughter named ila prishadhru the ninth and nabhagarishta the tenth they all betook themselves to the practices of kshatriyas warriors besides these manu had fifty other sons on earth but we heard that they all perished quarrelling with one another 32 the vedic foundation introduction the history of bharatvarsh which is now called india is the description of the timeless glory of the divine dignitaries who not only graced the soils of india with their presence and divine intelligence but they also showed and revealed the true path of peace happiness and the divine enlightenment for the souls of the world that still is the guideline for the true lovers of god who desire to taste the sweetness of his divine love in an intimate style web 2 the earliest text to explicitly provide detailed descriptions of krishna as a personality is the epic mahabharata which depicts krishna as an incarnation of vishnu web 3 conventionally dated sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries bc 57 conventionally dated 345 321 bc conventionally dated 322 185 bc conventionally dated 340 298 bc conventionally dated c 320 bc 272 bc conventionally dated c 230 bc ad 220 conventionally dated approximately ad 320 550 conventionally dated reign ad 320 335 conventionally dated 304 232 bc the vedic foundation states the history of bharatvarsh which is now called india is the description of the timeless glory of the divine dignitaries who not only graced the soils of india with their presence and divine intelligence but they also showed and revealed the true path of peace happiness and the divine enlightenment for the souls of the world that still is the guideline for the true lovers of god who desire to taste the sweetness of his divine love in an intimate style web 2 carol schaeffer tilak dubbed the father of indian unrest for his advocacy of violent tactics against british colonialists and inspiration to later indian hindu nationalists 72 see also is our civilisation really 10 millennia old or are we simply insecure sanjeev sabhlok 2013 references edit g p bhatt ed the vayu purana part ii 1st ed 784 789 tr g v tagare in vol 38 of ancient indian tradition and mythology delhi motilal banarsidass 1988 archived from the original on 2016 01 21 retrieved 2016 04 10 j l shastri ed the kurma purana part i 1st e...
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