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Text of the page (random words):
and hitch model of working memory toggle baddeley and hitch model of working memory subsection 6 1 central executive 6 2 phonological loop 6 3 visuospatial sketch pad 6 4 episodic buffer 7 the erlangen school of information psychology 8 other cognitive processes 9 nature versus nurture 10 quantitative versus qualitative 11 current areas of research 12 implications for teaching 13 references 14 further reading toggle the table of contents information processing theory 7 languages العربية deutsch עברית 한국어 türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia approach to the study of cognitive development this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations september 2025 learn how and when to remove this message information processing theory is the approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the american experimental tradition in psychology developmental psychologists who adopt the information processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturational changes in basic components of a child s mind the theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive rather than merely responding to stimuli this perspective uses an analogy to consider how the mind works like a computer in this way the mind functions like a biological computer responsible for analyzing information from the environment according to the standard information processing model for mental development the mind s machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in working memory for actively manipulating information and long term memory for passively holding information so that it can be used in the future 1 this theory addresses how as children grow their brains likewise mature leading to advances in their ability to process and respond to the information they received through their senses the theory emphasizes a continuous pattern of development in contrast with cognitive developmental theorists such as jean piaget s theory of cognitive development that thought development occurs in stages at a time humans as information processing systems edit the information processing theory simplified is comparing the human brain to a computer or basic processor it is theorized that the brain works in a set sequence as does a computer the sequence goes as follows receives input processes the information and delivers an output this theory suggests that we as humans will process information in a similar way like a computer receives input the mind will receive information through the senses if the information is focused on it will move to the short term memory while in the short term memory or working memory the mind is able to use the information to address its surroundings the information is then encoded to the long term memory where the information is then stored the information can be retrieved when necessary using the central executive the central executive can be understood as the conscious mind the central executive can pull information from the long term memory back to the working memory for its use as a computer processes information this is how it is thought our minds are processing information the output that a computer would deliver can be likened to the mind s output of information through behavior or action 2 components edit though information processing can be compared to a computer there is much more that needs to be explained information processing has several components the major components are information stores cognitive processes and executive cognition 3 information stores are the different places that information can be stored in the mind information is stored briefly in the sensory memory this information is stored just long enough for us to move the information to the short term memory george armitage miller discovered the short term memory can only hold 7 plus or minus two things at once 4 the information here is also stored for only 15 20 seconds the information stored in the short term memory can be committed to the long term memory store there is no limit to the information stored in the long term memory the information stored here can stay for many years long term memory can be divided between semantic episodic and procedural memories 3 semantic memory is made up of facts or information learned or obtained throughout life episodic memory concerns personal experiences or real events that have happened in a person s life 5 lastly procedural memory is made up of procedures or processes learned such as riding a bike each of these are subcategories of long term memory cognitive processes are the way humans transfer information among the different memory stores some prominent processes used in transferring information are coding retrieval and perception coding is the process of transferring information from the short to long term memory by relating the information of the long term memory to the item in the short term memory this can be done through memorization techniques retrieval is used to bring information from the long term memory back to the short term memory this can be achieved through many different recall techniques perception is the use of the information processed to interpret the environment another useful technique advised by george miller is recoding recoding is the process of regrouping or organizing the information the mind is working with a successful method of recoding is chunking 4 chunking is used to group together pieces of information each unit of information is considered a chunk this could be one or several words 6 this is commonly used when trying to memorize a phone number executive cognition is the idea that someone is aware of the way they process information they know their strengths and weaknesses this concept is similar to metacognition the conscious mind has control over the processes of the information processing theory emergence edit information processing as a model for human thinking and learning is part of the resurgence of cognitive perspectives of learning the cognitive perspective asserts that complex mental states affect human learning and behavior that such mental states can be scientifically investigated computers which process information include internal states that affect processing computers therefore provided a model for possible human mental states that provided researchers with clues and direction for understanding human thinking and learning as information processing overall information processing models helped reestablish mental processes processes that cannot be directly observed as a legitimate area of scientific research major theorists edit george armitage miller was one of the founders of the field of psychology known as cognition he played a large role when it came to the information processing theory he researched the capacity of the working memory discovering that people can only hold up to 7 plus or minus 2 items he also created the term chunking when explaining how to make the most of our short term memory 7 two other theorists associated with the cognitive information processing theory are richard c atkinson and richard shiffrin in 1968 these two proposed a multi stage theory of memory they explained that from the time information is received by the processing system it goes through different stages to be fully stored they broke this down to sensory memory short term memory and long term memory atkinson later in 1974 alan baddeley and graham hitch would contribute more to the information processing theory through their own discoveries they deepened the understanding of memory through the central executive phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad baddeley later updated his model with the episodic buffer 8 atkinson and shiffrin model edit the atkinson shiffrin memory model was proposed in 1968 by richard c atkinson and richard shiffrin this model illustrates their theory of the human memory these two theorists used this model to show that the human memory can be broken in to three sub sections sensory memory short term memory and long term memory 9 sensory memory edit the sensory memory is responsible for holding onto information that the mind receives through the senses such as haptic auditory and visual information for example if someone were to hear a bird chirp they know that it is a bird because that information is held in the brief sensory memory that is through our senses short term memory edit short term memory lasts for about 30 seconds short term memory retains information that is needed for only a short period of time such as remembering a phone number that needs to be dialed long term memory edit the long term memory has an unlimited amount of space in the long term memory there can be memory stored in there from the beginning of our life time the long term memory is tapped into when there is a need to recall an event that happened in an individual s previous experiences baddeley and hitch model of working memory edit baddeley and hitch introduced the model of working memory in 1974 through their research they contributed more to help understand how the mind may process information they added three elements that explain further cognitive processes these elements are the central executive phonological loop and the visuo spatial working memory 10 later alan baddeley added a fourth element to the working memory model called the episodic buffer together these ideas support the information processing theory and possibly explain how the mind processes information the working memory model baddeley and hitch 1974 revised 2000 central executive edit this section is an excerpt from baddeley s model of working memory central executive edit the central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes it directs focus and targets information making working memory and long term memory work together it can be thought of as a supervisory system that controls cognitive processes making sure the short term store is actively working and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions 11 it has the following functions updating and coding incoming information and replacing old information binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes coordination of the subsystems shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies inhibition suppressing dominant or automatic responses 11 selective attention the central executive has two main systems the visuo spatial sketchpad for visual information and the phonological loop for verbal information 12 using the dual task paradigm baddeley and della salla have found for instance that patients with alzheimer s dementia are impaired when performing multiple tasks simultaneously even when the difficulty of the individual tasks is adapted to their abilities 13 two tasks include a memory tasks and a tracking task individual actions are completed well but as the alzheimer s becomes more prominent in a patient performing two or more actions becomes more and more difficult this research has shown the deteriorating of the central executive in individuals with alzheimer s 14 recent research on executive functions suggests that the central executive is not as central as conceived in the baddeley hitch model rather there seem to be separate executive functions that can vary largely independently between individuals and can be selectively impaired or spared by brain damage 15 phonological loop edit working in connection with the central executive is the phonological loop the phonological loop is used to hold auditory information there are two sub components of the phonological loop the phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal process the phonological store holds auditory information for a short period the articulatory rehearsal process keeps the information in the store for a longer period of time through rehearsal 16 visuospatial sketch pad edit the visuospatial sketch pad is the other portion of the central executive this is used to hold visual and spatial information the visuospatial sketch pad is used to help the conscious imagine objects as well as maneuver through the physical environment 10 episodic buffer edit baddeley later added a fourth aspect to the model called the episodic buffer it is proposed that the episodic buffer is able to hold information thereby increasing the amount stored due to the ability to hold information the episodic buffer is said to also transfer information between perception short term memory and long term memory the episodic buffer is a relatively new idea and is still being researched 10 the erlangen school of information psychology edit the key insight of the erlangen school of information psychology builds upon helmar frank s 1960 psychostructural model of human information processing according to which information from the environment can enter the short term memory working memory via the sensory organs what enters this memory becomes conscious and can be further processed stored in memory or planned as an action and then acted upon in relation to the environment as soon as the information received and the information to be managed exceeds the short term memory capacity the information processing process breaks down and must be restarted since individuals differ in their short term memory capacity they exhibit varying levels of information processing performance which is considered the basis of general intelligence and is reflected in the individual general factor of intelligence in particular the level of fluid intelligence depends on this the capacity of short term memory c measured in bits depends according to the equation c s d on the quantities information processing speed s measured in bits per second and present moment duration d measured in seconds roughly equivalent to memory span or recall span in addition to the concept presented the erlangen school developed the easily administerable intelligence test kai for single and repeated administration including a self test version 17 later named the short test for general basic quantities of information processing kai which measures information processing speed as reading speed with the kai s and d can be measured in a few minutes from which the short term memory capacity can then be determined using the equation above these values can also be assigned to iq points 18 19 other cognitive processes edit cognitive processes include...
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