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or cities like chicago detroit cleveland and milwaukee as well as medium sized cities like gary and flint 155 at the same time most of the rural midwest has remained overwhelmingly white with almost two thirds of the 1 055 counties in the midwest being over 95 white illinois is the most populous and racially diverse state in the midwest 156 and out of all 50 states it is also ranked as the most representative of the overall demographics of the united states on several metrics including religion race ethnicity and urban rural divide 157 almost half of the hispanic population in the midwest resides in illinois mostly in the chicago metro area as of 2022 the median household income in the midwest is 70 283 slightly lower than the national average of 74 755 12 2 of the region s population lives below the poverty line including roughly 16 of children under 18 and 10 of seniors over 65 the average household size in the midwest is 2 4 people 158 as of 2022 the median age in the midwest is 39 2 years with 22 of the population being under 18 and 18 being over 65 the age distribution in the midwest broadly matches the us as a whole in terms of sex 50 3 of the region s population are female and 49 7 are male half of the population over the age of 15 are married while half are unmarried 158 religion edit like the rest of the united states the midwest is predominantly christian 159 the majority of midwesterners are protestants with rates from 48 percent in illinois to 63 percent in iowa 160 however the catholic church is the single largest denomination varying between 18 percent and 34 percent of the state populations 161 162 lutherans are prevalent in the upper midwest especially in michigan minnesota the dakotas and wisconsin with their large german and scandinavian populations 163 southern baptists compose about 15 percent of missouri s population 164 but much smaller percentages in other midwestern states judaism and islam are collectively practiced by 2 percent of the population with higher concentrations in major urban areas 35 percent of midwesterners attend religious services every week and 69 percent attend at least a few times a year people with no religious affiliation make up 22 percent of the midwest s population 165 economy edit farming and agriculture edit further information corn belt wheat production in the united states and history of agriculture in the united states a pastoral farm scene near traverse city michigan with a classic american red barn agriculture is one of the biggest drivers of local economies in the midwest accounting for billions of dollars worth of exports and thousands of jobs the area consists of some of the richest farming land in the world 166 the region s fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of grain and cereal crops including corn wheat soybeans oats and barley to become known today as the nation s breadbasket 167 henry a wallace a pioneer of hybrid seeds declared in 1956 that the corn belt developed the most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen 168 today the u s produces 40 percent of the world crop 169 the very dense soil of the midwest plagued the first settlers who were using wooden plows which were more suitable for loose forest soil on the prairie the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them this problem was solved in 1837 by an illinois blacksmith named john deere who developed a steel moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots making the fertile soils of the prairie ready for farming citation needed farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers in cooler regions wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled leading to a wheat frontier that moved westward over the course of years also very common in the antebellum midwest was farming corn while raising hogs complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads after the wheat frontier had passed through an area more diversified farms including dairy and beef cattle generally took its place citation needed the introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid 19th century contributed to economic growth in the united states central iowa cornfield part of the corn belt this development was facilitated by the morrill act and the hatch act of 1887 which established in each state a land grant university with a mission to teach and study agriculture and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state iowa state university became the nation s first designated land grant institution when the iowa legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 morrill act on september 11 1862 making iowa the first state in the nation to do so 170 soybeans were not widely cultivated in the united states until the early 1930s and by 1942 the u s became the world s largest soybean producer partially because of world war ii and the need for domestic sources of fats oils and meal between 1930 and 1942 the united states share of world soybean production skyrocketed from 3 percent to 46 5 percent largely as a result of increase in the midwest and by 1969 it had risen to 76 percent 171 iowa and illinois rank first and second in the nation in soybean production in 2012 iowa produced 14 5 percent and illinois produced 13 3 percent of the nation s soybeans 172 the tallgrass prairie has been converted into one of the most intensive crop producing areas in north america less than one tenth of one percent 0 09 of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains 173 states formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie such as iowa illinois minnesota wisconsin nebraska and missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils the corn belt is a region of the midwest where corn has since the 1850s been the predominant crop replacing the native tall grasses the corn belt region is defined typically to include iowa illinois indiana southern michigan western ohio eastern nebraska eastern kansas southern minnesota and parts of missouri 174 as of 2008 update the top four corn producing states were iowa illinois nebraska and minnesota together accounting for more than half of the corn grown in the united states 175 the corn belt also sometimes is defined to include parts of south dakota north dakota wisconsin and kentucky 176 the region is characterized by relatively level land and deep fertile soils high in organic matter 177 iowa produces the largest corn crop of any state in 2012 iowa farmers produced 18 3 percent of the nation s corn while illinois produced 15 3 percent 172 in 2011 there were 13 7 million harvested acres of corn for grain producing 2 36 billion bushels which yielded 172 0 bu acre with us 14 5 billion of corn value of production 178 wheat production in kansas wheat is produced throughout the midwest and is the principal cereal grain in the country the u s is ranked third in production volume of wheat with almost 58 million tons produced in the 2012 2013 growing season behind only china and india the combined production of all european union nations is larger than china 179 the u s ranks first in crop export volume almost 50 percent of total wheat produced is exported citation needed the u s department of agriculture defines eight official classes of wheat durum wheat hard red spring wheat hard red winter wheat soft red winter wheat hard white wheat soft white wheat unclassed wheat and mixed wheat 180 winter wheat accounts for 70 to 80 percent of total production in the u s with the largest amounts produced in kansas 10 8 million tons and north dakota 9 8 million tons of the total wheat produced in the country 50 percent is exported valued at us 9 billion 181 midwestern states also lead the nation in other agricultural commodities including pork iowa beef and veal nebraska dairy wisconsin and chicken eggs iowa 172 finance edit the chicago board of trade floor in 1993 it is one of the world s oldest futures and options exchanges 182 chicago is the largest economic and financial center of the midwest and has the third largest gross metropolitan product in north america approximately 689 billion after the regions of new york city and los angeles chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the mastercard worldwide centers of commerce index 183 the 2021 global financial centres index ranked chicago as the fourth most competitive city in the country and eleventh in the world directly behind paris and tokyo the chicago board of trade established 1848 listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts which were called futures contracts 184 as a world financial center chicago is home to major financial and futures exchanges including cme group which owns the chicago mercantile exchange the merc chicago board of trade cbot the new york mercantile exchange nymex 27 of s p dow jones indices and the commodities exchange inc comex 185 other major exchanges include cboe global markets operator of the largest options exchange in the western hemisphere and the chicago stock exchange chicago is also home to the headquarters of the federal reserve bank of chicago the seventh district of the federal reserve outside of chicago many other midwest cities are host to financial centers as well federal reserve bank districts are also headquartered in cleveland kansas city minneapolis and st louis major united states bank headquarters are located throughout ohio including huntington bancshares in columbus fifth third bank in cincinnati and keycorp in cleveland insurance companies such as elevance health in indianapolis nationwide insurance in columbus american family insurance in madison wisconsin berkshire hathaway in omaha state farm insurance in bloomington illinois reinsurance group of america in chesterfield missouri cincinnati financial corporation and american modern insurance group of cincinnati and progressive insurance and medical mutual of ohio in cleveland also spread throughout the midwest manufacturing edit the gary works of gary indiana seen here in 1973 is the largest integrated steel mill in north america 186 navigable terrain waterways and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region the region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization john d rockefeller s standard oil set precedents for centralized pricing uniform distribution and controlled product standards through standard oil which started as a consolidated refinery in cleveland cyrus mccormick s reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into international harvester in chicago andrew carnegie s steel production integrated large scale open hearth and bessemer processes into the world s most efficient and profitable mills the largest most comprehensive monopoly in the world united states steel consolidated steel production throughout the region many of the world s largest employers began in the great lakes region advantages of accessible waterways highly developed transportation infrastructure finance and a prosperous market base makes the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location henry ford s movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures the detroit area emerged as the world s automotive center with facilities throughout the region akron ohio became the global leader in rubber production driven by the demand for tires over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the great lakes 187 188 189 culture edit the milwaukee art museum is located on lake michigan following the sociological middletown studies of 1929 which were based on muncie indiana 190 commentators took midwestern cities and the midwest generally to be typical of the united states earlier the rhetorical question will it play in peoria had become a stock phrase using peoria illinois to signal whether something would appeal to mainstream america 191 as of 2010 the midwest has a higher employment to population ratio than the northeastern united states the southern united states or the western united states 192 euchre a trick taking card game remains popular in the midwest and parts of the upper south particularly in michigan illinois indiana ohio kentucky and pennsylvania 193 education edit manasseh cutler hall constructed by 1816 was the first academic building in the former northwest territory the university of chicago is considered among the most prestigious universities in the us 194 many midwestern universities are members of the association of american universities aau a bi national organization founded in chicago of leading research universities of the 69 members from the u s and canada 17 are located in the midwest these include private schools case western reserve university the university of chicago northwestern university university of notre dame and washington university in st louis and public institutions the university of illinois urbana champaign indiana university bloomington the university of iowa the university of kansas the university of michigan michigan state university the university of minnesota the university of missouri the ohio state university purdue university and the university of wisconsin madison 195 other notable major research intensive public universities include the university of cincinnati the university of illinois at chicago indiana university indianapolis iowa state university kansas state university the university of nebraska lincoln ohio university southern illinois university and wayne state university 196 numerous state university systems have established regional campuses statewide the numerous state teachers colleges were upgraded into state universities after 1945 197 other notable private institutions include beloit college john carroll university saint louis university butler university loyola university chicago depaul university creighton university drake university marquette university university of dayton and xavier university local boosters usually with a church affiliation created numerous colleges in the mid 19th century 198 in terms of national rankings the most prominent liberal arts colleges today include augustana college carleton college denison university depauw university earlham college grinnell college hamline university kalamazoo college kenyon college knox college macalester college lawrence university oberlin college st olaf college college of saint benedict and saint john s university mount union university wabash college wheaton college and the college of wooster 199 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