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00 men which outnumbered the texians 257 cos s men were raw recruits rather than experienced soldiers and they had marched steadily for more than 24 hours with no rest and no food 258 as the morning wore on with no texian attack mexican officers lowered their guard by afternoon santa anna had given permission for cos s men to sleep his own tired troops also took advantage of the time to rest eat and bathe 259 not long after the mexican reinforcements arrived houston ordered smith to destroy vince s bridge 5 miles 8 0 km away to slow down any further mexican reinforcements 260 at 4 p m the texians began creeping quietly through the tall grass pulling the cannon behind them 261 the texian cannon fired at 4 30 beginning the battle of san jacinto 262 after a single volley texians broke ranks and swarmed over the mexican breastworks to engage in hand to hand combat mexican soldiers were taken completely by surprise santa anna castrillón and almonte yelled often conflicting orders attempting to organize their men into some form of defense 263 within 18 minutes mexican soldiers abandoned their campsite and fled for their lives 264 the killing lasted for hours 265 many mexican soldiers retreated through the marsh to peggy lake n texian riflemen stationed themselves on the banks and shot at anything that moved many texian officers including houston and rusk attempted to stop the slaughter but they were unable to gain control of the men texians continued to chant remember the alamo remember goliad while frightened mexican infantry yelled me no alamo and begged for mercy to no avail 267 in what historian davis called one of the most one sided victories in history 268 650 mexican soldiers were killed and 300 captured 269 eleven texians died with 30 others including houston wounded 270 although santa anna s troops had been thoroughly vanquished they did not represent the bulk of the mexican army in texas an additional 4 000 troops remained under the commands of urrea and general vicente filisola 271 texians had won the battle due to mistakes made by santa anna and houston was well aware that his troops would have little hope of repeating their victory against urrea or filisola 272 as darkness fell a large group of prisoners were led into camp houston initially mistook the group for mexican reinforcements and shouted out that all was lost 273 mexican retreat and surrender edit surrender of santa anna by william henry huddle shows the mexican general surrendering to a wounded sam houston battle of san jacinto santa anna had successfully escaped towards vince s bridge 274 finding the bridge destroyed he hid in the marsh and was captured the following day 269 he was brought before houston who had been shot in the ankle o and badly wounded 271 texian soldiers gathered around calling for the mexican general s immediate execution bargaining for his life santa anna suggested that he order the remaining mexican troops to stay away 276 in a letter to filisola who was now the senior mexican official in texas santa anna wrote that yesterday evening we had an unfortunate encounter and ordered his troops to retreat to béxar and await further instructions 272 urrea urged filisola to continue the campaign he was confident that he could successfully challenge the texian troops according to hardin santa anna had presented mexico with one military disaster filisola did not wish to risk another 277 spring rains ruined the ammunition and rendered the roads almost impassable with troops sinking to their knees in mud mexican troops were soon out of food and began to fall ill from dysentery and other diseases 278 their supply lines had completely broken down leaving no hope of further reinforcements 279 filisola later wrote that had the enemy met us under these cruel circumstances on the only road that was left no alternative remained but to die or surrender at discretion 278 for several weeks after san jacinto santa anna continued to negotiate with houston rusk and then burnet 280 santa anna suggested two treaties a public version of promises made between the two countries and a private version that included santa anna s personal agreements the treaties of velasco required that all mexican troops retreat south of the rio grande and that all private property including slaves be respected and restored prisoners of war would be released unharmed and santa anna would be given passage to veracruz immediately he secretly promised to persuade the mexican congress to acknowledge the republic of texas and to recognize the rio grande as the border between the two countries 281 when urrea began marching south in mid may many families from san patricio who had supported the mexican army went with him when texian troops arrived in early june they found only 20 families remaining the area around san patricio and refugio suffered a noticeable depopulation in the republic of texas years 282 although the treaty had specified that urrea and filisola would return any slaves their armies had sheltered urrea refused to comply many former slaves followed the army to mexico where they could be free 283 by late may the mexican troops had crossed the nueces 278 filisola fully expected that the defeat was temporary and that a second campaign would be launched to retake texas 279 aftermath edit military edit when mexican authorities received word of santa anna s defeat at san jacinto flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning 284 denouncing any agreements signed by santa anna a prisoner of war the mexican authorities refused to recognize the republic of texas 285 filisola was derided for leading the retreat and quickly replaced by urrea within months urrea gathered 6 000 troops in matamoros poised to reconquer texas however the renewed mexican invasion of texas never materialized as urrea s army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other state regions in mexico 286 most in texas assumed the mexican army would return quickly 287 so many american volunteers flocked to the texian army in the months after the victory at san jacinto that the texian government was unable to maintain an accurate list of enlistments 288 out of caution béxar remained under martial law throughout 1836 rusk ordered that all tejanos in the area between the guadalupe and nueces rivers migrate either to east texas or to mexico 287 some residents who refused to comply were forcibly removed new anglo settlers moved in and used threats and legal maneuvering to take over the land once settled by tejanos 285 289 over the next several years hundreds of tejano families resettled in mexico 285 for years mexican authorities used the reconquering of texas as an excuse for implementing new taxes and making the army the budgetary priority of the impoverished nation 290 only sporadic skirmishes resulted 291 larger expeditions were postponed as military funding was consistently diverted to other rebellions out of fear that those regions would ally with texas and further fragment the country 290 p the northern mexican states the focus of the matamoros expedition briefly launched an independent republic of the rio grande in 1839 294 the same year the mexican congress considered a law to declare it treasonous to speak positively of texas 295 in june 1843 leaders of the two nations declared an armistice 296 republic of texas edit the republic of texas including the disputed territory on june 1 1836 santa anna boarded a ship to travel back to mexico for the next two days crowds of texian soldiers many of whom had arrived that week from the united states gathered to demand his execution lamar by now promoted to secretary of war gave a speech insisting that mobs must not intimidate the government we want no french revolution in texas but on june 4 soldiers seized santa anna and put him under military arrest 297 according to lack the shock of having its foreign policy overturned by popular rebellion had weakened the interim government irrevocably 298 a group of soldiers staged an unsuccessful coup in mid july 299 in response burnet called for elections to ratify the constitution and elect a congress 300 the sixth set of leaders for texas in a 12 month period 301 voters overwhelmingly chose houston the first president ratified the constitution drawn up by the convention of 1836 and approved a resolution to request annexation to the united states 302 houston issued an executive order sending santa anna to washington d c and from there he was soon sent home 303 during his absence santa anna had been deposed upon his arrival the mexican press wasted no time in attacking him for his cruelty towards those prisoners executed at goliad in may 1837 santa anna requested an inquiry into the event 304 the judge determined the inquiry was only for fact finding and took no action press attacks in both mexico and the united states continued 305 santa anna was disgraced until the following year when he became a hero of the pastry war 306 the first texas legislature declined to ratify the treaty houston had signed with the cherokee declaring he had no authority to make any promises 136 although the texian interim governments had vowed to eventually compensate citizens for goods that were impressed during the war efforts for the most part livestock and horses were not returned 307 veterans were guaranteed land bounties in 1879 surviving texian veterans who served more than three months from october 1 1835 through january 1 1837 were guaranteed an additional 1 280 acres 520 ha in public lands 308 over 1 3 million acres 530 thousand ha of land were granted some of this was in greer county which was later determined to be part of oklahoma 309 republic of texas policies changed the status of many living in the region the constitution forbade free blacks from living in texas permanently individual slaves could only be freed by congressional order and the newly emancipated person would then be forced to leave texas 310 women also lost significant legal rights under the new constitution which substituted english common law practices for the traditional spanish law system under common law the idea of community property was eliminated and women no longer had the ability to act for themselves legally to sign contracts own property or sue some of these rights were restored in 1845 when texas added them to the new state constitution 311 during the republic of texas years tejanos likewise faced much discrimination 312 foreign relations edit mexican authorities blamed the loss of texas on united states intervention 284 although the united states remained officially neutral 313 40 percent of the men who enlisted in the texian army from october 1 through april 21 arrived from the united states after hostilities began 314 more than 200 of the volunteers were members of the united states army none were punished when they returned to their posts 313 american individuals also provided supplies and money to the cause of texian independence 315 for the next decade mexican politicians frequently denounced the united states for the involvement of its citizens 316 the united states agreed to recognize the republic of texas in march 1837 but declined to annex the territory 317 the fledgling republic now attempted to persuade european nations to agree to recognition 318 in late 1839 france recognized the republic of texas after being convinced it would make a fine trading partner 319 for several decades official british policy was to maintain strong ties with mexico in the hopes that the country could stop the united states from expanding further 320 when the texas revolution erupted great britain had declined to become involved officially expressing confidence that mexico could handle its own affairs 321 in 1840 after years in which the republic of texas was neither annexed by the united states nor reabsorbed into mexico britain signed a treaty to recognize the nation and act as a mediator to help texas gain recognition from mexico 322 the united states voted to annex texas as the 28th state in march 1845 323 two months later mexico agreed to recognize the republic of texas as long as there was no annexation to the united states 324 on july 4 1845 texians voted for annexation 325 this prompted the mexican american war in which mexico lost almost 55 percent of its territory to the united states and formally relinquished its claim on texas 326 legacy edit further information legacy of the battle of the alamo the san jacinto monument is a memorial to the men who died during the texas revolution although no new fighting techniques were introduced during the texas revolution 327 casualty figures were quite unusual for the time generally in 19th century warfare the number of wounded outnumbered those killed by a factor of two or three from october 1835 through april 1836 approximately 1 000 mexican and 600 texian soldiers died while the wounded numbered 400 mexican and 350 texian in addition around 700 mexican soldiers were captured 328 the deviation from the norm was due to santa anna s decision to label texian rebels as traitors and to the texian desire for revenge 329 during the revolution texian soldiers gained a reputation for courage and militance 312 314 lack points out that fewer than five percent of the texian population enrolled in the army during the war a fairly low rate of participation 314 texian soldiers recognized that the mexican cavalry was far superior to their own over the next decade the texas rangers borrowed mexican cavalry tactics and adopted the spanish saddle and spurs the lasso and the bandana 330 the texas veterans association composed solely of revolutionary veterans living in texas was active from 1873 through 1901 and played a key role in convincing the legislature to create a monument to honor the san jacinto veterans 331 in the late 19th century the texas legislature purchased the san jacinto battlesite which is now home to the san jacinto monument the tallest stone column monument in the world 332 in the early 20th century the texas legislature purchased the alamo mission 333 now an official state shrine 334 in front of the church in the center of alamo plaza stands a cenotaph designed by pompeo coppini which commemorates the defenders who died during the battle 335 more than 2 5 million people visit the alamo every year 336 the texas revolution has been the subject of poetry and of many books plays and films most english language treatments reflect the perspectives of the anglos and are centered primarily on the battle of the alamo 337 from the first novel depicting events of the revolution 1838 s mexico versus texas through the mid 20th century most works contained themes of anticlericalism and racism depicting the battle as a fight for freedom between good anglo texian and evil mexican 338 in both english and spanish language literature the alamo is often compared to the battle of t...
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