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description= Understand the techniques attackers use to break into WordPress sites. Use that knowledge to defend your site and stay secure.;
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no aggressive testing of the target site even the http headers can reveal information such as the x powered by header that reveals the presence of the w3 total cache plugin some plugins do not leave traces in the html source to find all the installed plugins you have to be more aggressive a number of tools can brute force known plugin lists from the path wp content plugins plugin to test the web server response will usually reveal valid directories often with http 403 as opposed to unknown directories on the web server with its http response code once you have a list of plugins that are present on the site your wordpress scanner or manual requests can be used to determine the version of the plugin curl https myvulnerablesite com wp content plugins badplugin readme txt in the readme txt we can see the version of the plugin compare this against known exploits and we can get a good idea if the site is vulnerable without actually throwing the exploit wordpress theme enumeration as with plugins wordpress themes can contain vulnerabilities that might expose the site to compromise themes are collections of php code with html and css resources more complex themes have more included components and are more likely to introduce security vulnerabilities enumeration of the theme is conducted similarly to detecting the plugins the theme path is often visible in the html of the page source the css file getting loaded from the theme will often reveal the path with the path we have the theme name and we can load the readme txt to confirm the theme in use and the version curl http examplewp com wp content themes avada readme txt an important consideration when testing for vulnerable wordpress themes and plugins is a theme that is installed yet not active may still have code that is accessible and vulnerable this is why brute force testing for theme paths is an important step when assessing an unknown wordpress installation enumerate wordpress users if we can gather valid usernames then we can attempt password guessing attacks to brute force the login credentials of the site getting access to an administrator account on a wordpress installation provides the attacker with a full compromise of the site database and very often remote code execution on the server through php code execution these user enumeration techniques have been reported to wordpress org as security vulnerabilities however the developers do not classify the user name as sensitive and are willing to accept the risk over the increased usability such as advising the users when the user is wrong vs the password being wrong author archives in a default installation you should be able to find the users of a site by iterating through the user id s and appending them to the sites url for example author 1 adding 2 then 3 etc to the url will reveal the users login id either through a 301 redirect with a location http header curl http wordpressexample com author 1 this post has a method for cycling through the wordpress users using a bash one liner enumerate users through guessing brute forcing the user name is possible using the login form as the response is different for a valid vs an invalid account this can be performed manually to check a single user or using an automated tool such as burp intruder to cycle through thousands of possible usernames users listed in json api endpoint using a json endpoint it may be possible to get a list of users on the site this was restricted in version 4 7 1 to only show a user if configured before that all users who had published a post were shown by default curl http wordpressexample com wp json wp v2 users see the wordpress security testing tools below for automated user enumeration directory indexing directory indexing is a function of the web server that allows you to view the contents of a directory in the web accessible path viewing the contents of a directory allows an attacker to gather a lot of information about the installation such as installed plugins and themes without the need to brute force the paths to check for directory indexing you can browse to folder locations and see if you get a response that includes index of and a list of folders files common locations to check would be wp content wp content plugins wp content themes uploads images if you can browse wp content plugins the enumeration of plugins and versions becomes much easier server vulnerability testing in this phase we move into testing network services rather than direct testing of the wordpress installation port scanning is the standard technique for the discovery of network services running on the server services that might be present on a wordpress host mysql server remotely accessible port 3306 cpanel administration login portal port 2082 2083 webmin administration port 10000 ftp service for filesystem access ssh for remote control other web services with admin or other sites port 8080 8888 etc any of the services may allow access or control of the server through either a security vulnerability or a compromised password port scanning can be conducted using the excellent nmap port scanner or an alternative security tool carrying on from our enumeration of network services using the port scanner we could run vulnerability scans against the discovered services to identify exploitable services or other items of interest openvas vulnerability scanner the greenbone vulnerability manager gvm previously known as openvas is one option this is an open source vulnerability scanner that can be installed locally or enterprise appliances are also available from greenbone networks we also host the open source openvas scanner for testing internet accessible targets as part of our security testing platform nikto vulnerability scanner nikto is another vulnerability scanner that focuses on the discovery of known vulnerable scripts configuration mistakes and other web server items of interest the nikto tool has been around for many years yet still has a place in the penetration testers toolbox tools such as this throw tens of thousands of tests against target in an attempt to discover known vulnerabilities and other low hanging fruit it is a noisy process filling the target system logs with 404 s and other errors not recommended if you are going after a target ninja style pentest red team bypass sucuri or cloudflare web firewall many wordpress sites opt for third party services to help protect the site from attacks by using a web based firewall proxy a service such as sucuri or cloudflare sits between the users browser and the wordpress site attacks launched at the site can be detected and blocked by the firewall the firewall proxies the traffic by using dns the sites dns is pointed at servers belonging to sucuri or cloudflare so the user or attacker will resolve the hostname and connect to the ip of the firewall system if we determine the real ip address of the server and add an entry to our hosts file we can bypass the firewall and go directly to the webserver hosting the site this is significant if the site is not well maintained and relying on the protection of the firewall for example a vulnerable plugin may be present but being blocked by the firewall we bypass the firewall exploit the vulnerable plugin and the server checking dns records using dns records is the most effective way of identifying the real ip address for bypassing a site hosted behind sucuri or cloudflare historical dns records may show the original ip address before the firewall service was implemented mail records mx if mail is hosted on the same server as the website then this will reveal the real host txt spf records might also reveal ip addresses of interest tls ssl certificate searches historical tls ssl searches may also find real hostnames associated with the sites actual ip address if they can matched other reconnaissance techniques may reveal host names and ip addresses of interest once you have an ip address that you suspect could be the ip address add it to your etc hosts file with the sites hostname this will force your system to bypass dns and go directly the ip address if the site loads there is a good chance this is the correct ip address wpscan wpscan is a popular wordpress security testing tool that ties many of these simple enumeration techniques together enabling users to quickly enumerate a wordpress installation it has a commercial license restricting use for testing your own wordpress sites and non commercial usage it attempts to identify users plugins and themes depending on the selected command line options and also show vulnerabilities for each of the discovered plugins guide to installing wpscan nmap nse scripts for wordpress nmap comes bundled with nse scripts that extend the functionality of this popular port scanner a few of the nmap nse scripts are particularly helpful for enumerating wordpress users plugins and themes using the same techniques we have previously discussed the best thing about this option is if you have nmap installed you already have these scripts ready to go wordpress plugin and theme enum nse script wordpress brute force nse script wordpress user enum nse script example plugin and theme enumeration port state service 80 tcp open http http wordpress enum search limited to top 100 themes plugins plugins akismet contact form 7 4 1 latest version 4 1 all in one seo pack latest version 2 2 5 1 google sitemap generator 4 0 7 1 latest version 4 0 8 jetpack 3 3 latest version 3 3 wordfence 5 3 6 latest version 5 3 6 better wp security 4 6 4 latest version 4 6 6 google analytics for wordpress 5 3 latest version 5 3 themes twentytwelve _ twentyfourteen cmsmap another tool for enumeration of wordpress installations is cmsmap cmsmap tests wordpress as well as joomla drupal and moodle as with any of these enumeration tools it is crucial to keep it up to date if the themes and plugins lists are not updated regularly keep in mind that the latest components may not be detected attacking exploitation brute force wp login php form the most common attack against the wordpress user is brute forcing the password of an account to gain access to the back end of the wordpress system other ways a password can be compromised include sniffing the password in clear text over a http login session or even getting the credentials from a key logger on the workstation of the wordpress administrator accounts with administrator level access are the most sought after due to the amount of mischief an admin user can get up to adding php command shells or malicious javascript directly through the admin interface are common examples with the usernames we collected during information gathering we can get started or just try admin take a look at the login form wp login php notice how failed logins confirm the username when an incorrect password is entered this information is helpful to an attacker it also makes things more user friendly for the end user who has forgotten their username and password this feature has been debated and it was decided to keep this response within the wordpress code 3 tools for popping weak passwords brute forcing accounts of users is possible using a number of open source tools additionally there is worm like scripts available that have spread through the wordpress ecosystem these search for and spread to wordpress sites with weak admin passwords wpscan the previously mentioned wpscan tool in addition to enumeration can also perform brute force login attacks here is an example output from a test i ran with wpscan against a low end digital ocean vps 5 month where i had installed a default installation of wordpress ruby wpscan rb u 192 241 xx x68 threads 20 wordlist 500worst txt username testadmin snip starting the password brute forcer brute forcing user testadmin with 500 passwords 100 complete finished at thu jul 18 03 39 02 2013 elapsed time 00 01 16 reviewing the output 500 passwords tested against the testadmin account discovered during user enumeration those 500 passwords were tested in 1 minute and 16 seconds as the test was running there was zero disruption to the site a web server administrator would have no idea the attack took place without a security log monitoring system in place ossec does this very well the 500 worst password list used above is from skull security the site has a large number of password lists including the well known rockyou list 60mb that contains many more than 500 passwords nmap nse script nmap the port scanner can do much more than find open ports recent versions of nmap come bundled with nse scripts as a result it can be used to test many different vulnerabilities for example enumerating users and brute forcing wordpress passwords below shows an example run using the http wordpress enum nse script to enumerate wordpress users nmap sv script http wordpress enum script args limit 25 port state service reason 80 tcp open http syn ack http wordpress enum username found admin username found testadmin username found fred username found alice username found bob _search stopped at id 25 increase the upper limit if necessary with http wordpress enum limit below are the results from brute forcing wordpress accounts using the http wordpress brute nse script port state service reason 80 tcp open http syn ack http wordpress brute accounts testadmin mys3curepass login correct statistics _ perfomed 113 guesses in 19 seconds average tps 6 burp suite for those familiar with web application security testing the burp suite intruder tool can also be used for brute forcing wordpress passwords a wordpress login attempt is only a http post request after all configure burp intruder to send a valid username or a list of usernames along with a list of possible passwords and wait for the successful login brute force login via xmlrpc php the xmlrpc php capability is an api endpoint this endpoint allows mobile apps and other programmable access to backend functions of the wordpress site such as publishing posts it is enabled by default several attacks are possible against the endpoint depending on permissions and the version of the target wordpress installation using the xmlrpc php endpoint to attack wordpress accounts we may bypass security plugins that protect the login form from abuse this password guessing attack may also be faster with the result being you can attempt more passwords notice the d in curl this is the data sent as part of the post request you could also use burp or your favorite scripting language for this request curl x post d methodcall methodname wp getusersblogs methodname params param value admin value param param value pass value param params methodcall http examplewp com xmlrpc php in the response we will see an invalid password response or success it is easy to spot and work into your script denial of service dos via xmlrpc php another use of the xmlrpc php endpoint is to perform a denial of service attack if this capability is en...
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