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he new york stock exchange in january 2006 sgi hired dennis mckenna as its new ceo and chairman of the board of directors mr mckenna succeeded robert bishop who remained vice chairman of the board of directors on may 8 2006 sgi announced that it had filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for itself and u s subsidiaries as part of a plan to reduce debt by 250 million 7 8 two days later the u s bankruptcy court approved its first day motions and its use of a 70 million financing facility provided by a group of its bondholders foreign subsidiaries were unaffected on september 6 2006 sgi announced the end of development for the mips irix line and the irix operating system 9 production would end on december 29 and the last orders would be fulfilled by march 2007 support for these products would end after december 2013 sgi emerged from bankruptcy protection on october 17 2006 10 its stock symbol at that point sgid pk was canceled and new stock was issued on the nasdaq exchange under the symbol sgic 11 this new stock was distributed to the company s creditors and the sgid common stockholders were left with worthless shares 12 at the end of that year the company moved its headquarters from mountain view to sunnyvale 13 its earlier north shoreline headquarters is now occupied by the computer history museum the newer amphitheatre parkway headquarters was sold to google which had already subleased and moved into the facility in 2003 both of these locations were award winning designs by studios architecture 14 15 in april 2008 sgi re entered the visualization market with the sgi virtu range of visualization servers and workstations which were re badged systems from boxx technologies based on intel xeon or amd opteron processors and nvidia quadro graphics chipsets running red hat enterprise linux suse linux enterprise server or windows compute cluster server 16 final bankruptcy and acquisition by rackable systems edit in december 2008 sgi received a delisting notification from nasdaq as its market value had been below the minimum 35 million requirement for 10 consecutive trading days and also did not meet nasdaq s alternative requirements of a minimum stockholders equity of 2 5 million or annual net income from continuing operations of 500 000 or more 17 on april 1 2009 sgi filed for chapter 11 again and announced that it would sell substantially all of its assets to rackable systems for 25 million 18 the sale ultimately for 42 5 million was finalized on may 11 2009 at the same time rackable announced their adoption of silicon graphics international as their global name and brand 19 20 the bankruptcy court scheduled continuing proceedings and hearings for june 3 and 24 2009 and july 22 2009 21 22 needs update after the rackable acquisition vizworld magazine published a series of six articles that chronicle the downfall of sgi hewlett packard enterprise acquired silicon graphics international in november 2016 which allowed hpe to place the sgi pleiades a top500 supercomputer at nasa ames research center in its portfolio graphics properties holdings inc era edit during silicon graphics inc s second bankruptcy phase it was renamed to graphics properties holdings inc gphi in june 2009 23 24 in 2010 gphi announced it had won a significant favorable ruling in its litigation with ati technologies and amd in june 2010 25 26 following the patent lawsuit originally filed during the silicon graphics inc era 27 following the 2008 appeal by ati over the validity of u s patent 6 650 327 327 and silicon graphics inc s voluntary dismissal of the u s patent 6 885 376 376 patent from the lawsuit 28 the federal circuit upheld the jury verdict on the validity of gphi s u s patent no 6 650 327 and furthermore found that amd had lost its right to challenge patent validity in future proceedings 29 on january 31 2011 the district court entered an order that permits amd to pursue its invalidity affirmative defense at trial and does not permit sgi to accuse amd s radeon r700 series of graphics products of infringement in this case 30 on april 18 2011 gphi and amd had entered into a confidential settlement and license agreement that resolved this litigation matter for an immaterial amount and that provides immunity under all gphi patents for alleged infringement by amd products including components software and designs on april 26 2011 the court entered an order granting the parties agreed motion for dismissal and final judgment 31 in november 2011 gphi filed another patent infringement lawsuit against apple inc in delaware involving more patents than their original patent infringement case against apple last november for alleged violation of u s patents 6 650 327 327 u s patent 6 816 145 145 and u s patent 5 717 881 881 32 in 2012 gphi filed lawsuit against apple sony htc corp lg electronics inc and samsung electronics co research in motion ltd for allegedly violating patent relating to a computer graphics process that turns text and images into pixels to be displayed on screens affected devices include apple iphone htc evo4g lg thrill research in motion torch samsung galaxy s and galaxy s ii and sony xperia play smartphones 33 34 35 u s patent 6 650 327 1998 display system having floating point rasterization and floating point u s patent 6 885 376 2002 system method and computer program product for near real time load u s patent 6 816 145 1998 large area wide aspect ratio flat panel monitor having high resolution for u s patent 5 717 881 1995 data processing system for processing one and two parcel instructions technology edit motorola 680x0 based systems edit sgi s first generation products starting with the iris integrated raster imaging system 1000 series of high performance graphics terminals were based on the motorola 68000 family of microprocessors the later iris 2000 and 3000 models developed into full unix workstations iris 1000 series edit the first entries in the 1000 series models 1000 and 1200 introduced in 1984 were graphics terminals peripherals to be connected to a general purpose computer such as a digital equipment corporation vax to provide graphical raster display abilities they used 8 mhz motorola 68000 cpus with 768 kb of ram and had no disk drives they booted over the network via an excelan exos 101 ethernet card from their controlling computer they used the pm1 cpu board which was a variant of the board that was used in stanford university s sun workstation and later in the sun 1 workstation from sun microsystems the graphics system was composed of the gf1 frame buffer the uc3 update controller dc3 display controller and the bp2 bitplane the 1000 series machines were designed around the multibus standard later 1000 series machines the 1400 and 1500 ran at 10 mhz and had 1 5 mb of ram the 1400 had a 73 mb st 506 disk drive while the 1500 had a 474 mb smd based disk drive with a xylogics 450 disk controller they may have used the pm2 cpu and pm2m1 ram board from the 2000 series the usual monitor for the 1000 series ran at 30 hz interlaced six beta test units of the 1400 workstation were produced and the first production unit sgi s first commercial computer was shipped to carnegie mellon university s electronic imaging laboratory in 1984 iris 2000 and 3000 series edit geometry engine chip from an iris 3120 sgi rapidly developed its machines into workstations with its second product line the iris 2000 series first released in august 1985 36 sgi began using the unix system v operating system there were five models in two product ranges the 2000 2200 2300 2400 2500 range which used 68010 cpus the pm2 cpu module and the later turbo systems the 2300t 2400t and 2500t which had 68020s the ip2 cpu module all used the excelan exos 201 ethernet card the same graphics hardware gf2 frame buffer uc4 update controller dc4 display controller bp3 bitplane their main differences were the cpu ram and weitek floating point accelerator boards disk controllers and disk drives both st 506 and smd were available these could be upgraded for example from a 2400 to a 2400t the 2500 and 2500t had a larger chassis a standard 6 19 eia rack with space at the bottom for two smd disk drives weighing approximately 68 kg each 37 the non turbo models used the multibus for the cpu to communicate with the floating point accelerator while the turbos added a ribbon cable dedicated for this 60 hz monitors were used for the 2000 series the height of the machines using motorola cpus was reached with the iris 3000 series models 3010 3020 3030 and 3110 3115 3120 3130 the 30s both being full size rack machines they used the same graphics subsystem and ethernet as the 2000s but could also use up to 12 geometry engines the first widespread use of hardware graphics accelerators the standard monitor was a 19 60 hz non interlaced unit with a tilt swivel base 19 30 hz interlaced and a 15 60 hz non interlaced with tilt swivel base were also available the iris 3130 and its smaller siblings were impressive for the time being complete unix workstations the 3130 was powerful enough to support a complete 3d animation and rendering package without mainframe support with large capacity hard drives by standards of the day two 300 mb drives streaming tape and ethernet it could be the centerpiece of an animation operation the line was formally discontinued in november 1989 with about 3500 systems shipped of all 2000 and 3000 models combined 38 risc era edit with the introduction of the iris 4d series sgi switched to mips microprocessors these machines were more powerful and came with powerful on board floating point capability as 3d graphics became more popular in television and film during this time these systems were responsible for establishing much of sgi s reputation sgi produced a broad range of mips based workstations and servers during the 1990s running sgi s version of unix system v now called irix these included the massive onyx visualization systems the size of refrigerators and capable of supporting up to 64 processors while managing up to three streams of high resolution fully realized 3d graphics in october 1991 mips announced the first commercially available 64 bit microprocessor the r4000 sgi used the r4000 in its crimson workstation irix 6 2 was the first fully 64 bit irix release including 64 bit pointers to secure the supply of future generations of mips microprocessors the 64 bit r4000 sgi acquired the company in 1992 39 for 333 million 40 41 and renamed it as mips technologies inc a wholly owned subsidiary of sgi 42 in 1993 silicon graphics sgi signed a deal with nintendo to develop the reality coprocessor rcp gpu used in the nintendo 64 n64 video game console the deal was signed in early 1993 and it was later made public in august of that year 43 the console itself was later released in 1996 the rcp was developed by sgi s nintendo operations department led by engineer dr wei yen in 1997 twenty sgi employees led by yen left sgi and founded artx later acquired by ati technologies in 2000 44 in 1998 sgi relinquished some ownership of mips technologies inc in a re ipo and fully divested itself in 2000 45 in the late 1990s when much of the industry expected the itanium to replace both cisc and risc architectures in non embedded computers sgi announced their intent to phase out mips in their systems development of new mips microprocessors stopped and the existing r12000 design was extended multiple times until 2003 to provide existing customers more time to migrate to itanium in august 2006 sgi announced the end of production for mips irix systems 46 and by the end of the year mips irix products were no longer generally available from sgi iris gl and opengl edit until the second generation onyx reality engine machines sgi offered access to its high performance 3d graphics subsystems through a proprietary api known as iris graphics language iris gl as more features were added over the years iris gl became harder to maintain and more cumbersome to use in 1992 sgi decided to clean up and reform iris gl and made the bold move of allowing the resulting opengl api to be cheaply licensed by sgi s competitors and set up an industry wide consortium to maintain the opengl standard the opengl architecture review board this meant that for the first time fast efficient cross platform graphics programs could be written for over 20 years until the introduction of the vulkan api opengl remained the only real time 3d graphics standard to be portable across a variety of operating systems ace consortium edit main article advanced computing environment sgi was part of the advanced computing environment initiative formed in the early 1990s with 20 other companies including compaq digital equipment corporation mips computer systems groupe bull siemens nec netpower microsoft and santa cruz operation its intent was to introduce workstations based on the mips architecture and able to run windows nt and sco unix the group produced the advanced risc computing arc specification but began to unravel little more than a year after its formation entertainment industry edit for eight consecutive years 1995 2002 all films nominated for an academy award for distinguished achievement in visual effects were created on silicon graphics computer systems 47 the technology was also used in commercials for a host of companies an sgi crimson system with the fsn 48 three dimensional file system navigator appeared in the 1993 movie jurassic park 49 in the movie twister protagonists can be seen using an sgi laptop computer however the unit shown was not an actual working computer but rather a fake laptop shell built around an sgi corona lcd flat screen display 50 the 1995 film congo also features an sgi laptop computer being used by dr ross laura linney to communicate via satellite to travicom hq 51 the purple lowercased sgi logo can be seen at the beginning of the opening credits of the hbo series silicon valley before being taken down and replaced by the google logo as the intro graphics progress google leased the former sgi buildings in 2003 for their headquarters in mountain view ca until they purchased the buildings outright in 2006 once inexpensive pcs began to have graphics performance close to the more expensive specialized graphical workstations which were sgi s core business sgi shifted its focus to high performance servers for digital video and the web many sgi graphics engineers left to work at other computer graphics companies such as ati and nvidia contributing to the pc 3d graphics revolution free software edit sgi was a promoter of free software citation needed supporting several projects such as linux and samba and opening some of its own previously proprietary code such as the xfs filesystem and the open64 compiler sgi was also important in its contribution to the c standard template library stl with many useful extensions in the mit like licensed sgi stl implementation the extension keeps being c...
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