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metal rectifier wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 description 2 mode of operation 3 performance 4 applications toggle applications subsection 4 1 radio receivers 4 2 tv sets and photocopiers 4 3 electrolysis 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents metal rectifier 9 languages deutsch فارسی 日本語 한국어 nederlands русский scots simple english українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia early type of semiconductor rectifier selenium rectifier eight plate 160 v 450 ma federal brand a metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide germanium or selenium they were used in power applications to convert alternating current to direct current in devices such as radios and battery chargers westinghouse electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s under the trade name westector now used as a trade name for an overcurrent trip device by westinghouse nuclear in some countries the term metal rectifier is applied to all such devices in others the term metal rectifier normally refers to copper oxide types and selenium rectifier to selenium iron types description edit copper oxide rectifier metal rectifiers consist of washer like discs of different metals either copper with an oxide layer to provide the rectification or steel or aluminium plated with selenium the discs are often separated by spacer sleeves to provide cooling mode of operation edit the principle of operation of a metal rectifier is related to modern semiconductor rectifiers schottky diodes and p n diodes but somewhat more complex both selenium and copper oxide are semiconductors in practice doped by impurities during manufacture when they are deposited on metals it would be expected that the result is a simple metal semiconductor junction and that the rectification would be a result of a schottky barrier however this is not always the case siegfried poganski discovered in the 1940s that the best selenium rectifiers were in fact semiconductor semiconductor junctions between selenium and a thin cadmium selenide layer generated out of the cadmium tin metal coating during processing 1 2 in any case the result is that there is a depletion region in the semiconductor with a built in electric field and this provides the rectifying action performance edit compared to later silicon or germanium devices copper oxide rectifiers tended to have poor efficiency and the reverse voltage rating was rarely more than a few volts a number of rectifier discs would need to be used in series to provide an adequate reverse breakdown voltage figure and a bridge rectifier for a 12 v battery charger would often use 12 metal rectifiers selenium rectifiers were generally more efficient than metal oxide types and could handle higher voltages however considerably more skill was required for their construction applications edit radio receivers edit metal rectifiers were also used as envelope detector am demodulator diodes in radio receivers the wx6 westector was a typical example it was about the size and shape of an aaa battery with threaded posts at each end to which connections were made selenium rectifiers were once widely used as high voltage rectifiers in transformerless radio and tv sets before cheaper silicon diodes became available although they were reasonably efficient in this application at least compared to vacuum tube rectifiers their internal resistance tended to increase as they aged apart from reducing the available high voltage this tends to make them run hotter producing an unpleasant smell as the selenium starts to evaporate tv sets and photocopiers edit high voltage selenium rectifier specially designed selenium rectifiers were once widely used as eht rectifiers in television sets and photocopiers a layer of selenium was applied to a sheet of soft iron foil and thousands of tiny discs typically 2 mm diameter were punched out of this and assembled as stacks inside ceramic tubes rectifiers capable of supplying tens of thousands of volts could be made this way their internal resistance was extremely high but most eht applications only required a few hundred microamps at most so this was not normally an issue with the development of inexpensive high voltage silicon rectifiers this technology has fallen into disuse electrolysis edit metal rectifiers have been replaced by silicon diodes in most devices however there are certain applications where the replacement of metal rectifiers with silicon units has proven impractical these are mostly in electroplating aluminium smelting and similar high current low voltage industrial applications where the lower forward voltage drop of metal rectifiers is more important than their reverse breakdown voltage references edit the nobel prize in physics 2000 kroemer h 1992 heterojunction devices 50th annual device research conference pp 0_16 0_17 doi 10 1109 drc 1992 671849 s2cid 113046906 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to copper oxide rectifiers and selenium rectifiers rectifier used as an am demodulator cougar electronics example of legacy selenium rectifier manufacturer the copper oxide rectifier this document discusses the history of the copper oxide rectifier and in particular the use of chilean copper in its manufacture the thallium catastrophe that befell the manufacture of selenium rectifiers is also discussed v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction solar cell plasmonic solar cell heterojunction solar cell hjt schottky diode step recovery diode srd zener diode resonant tunneling diode rtd photoreflector backward diode geometric diode lr diode chua s diode baritt diode stabistor phosphorescent organic light emitting diode pholed thin film diode superluminescent diode sld josephson diode hole accumulation diode had silicon photomultiplier sipm metal rectifier bifacial solar cells bsc integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit mos integrated circuit mos ic three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic photonic integrated circuit pic application specific integrated circuit asic field programmable gate array fpga system on a chip soc other devices diac heterostructure barrier varactor light emitting capacitor lec memistor memristor memtransistor memory cell metal oxide varistor mov organic semiconductor photodetector silicon controlled rectifier scr silicon controlled switch scs solaristor static induction thyristor sith thyristor trancitor triac varicap vertical cavity surface emitting laser vcsel gate turn off thyristor gto integrated gate commutated thyristor igct unijunction transistor ujt quantum cascade laser qcl photoresistor quantum dot display quantum dot solar cell photoelectrochemical cell dye sensitized solar cell plasmonic solar cell quantum dot laser quadrac interband cascade laser icl oscillistor mos composite static induction thyristor csmt mos controlled thyristor mct resistive opto isolator ro emitter turn off thyristor eto trisil quantum well infrared photodetector qwip quantum cascade detector qcd resonant cavity enhanced photo detector rce golay cell hybrid pixel detector semiconductor detector voltage regulators linear regulator low dropout regulator switching regulator buck boost buck boost split pi ćuk sepic charge pump switched capacitor vacuum tubes standard acorn tube audion beam tetrode barretter compactron diode fleming valve neutron tube nonode nuvistor pentagrid hexode heptode octode pentode photomultiplier pmt phototube tetrode triode x ray tube double diode triode additron tube computron tube micropup rf backward wave oscillator bwo cavity magnetron crossed field amplifier cfa gyrotron inductive output tube iot klystron maser sutton tube traveling wave tube twt vircator cathode ray tubes beam deflection tube charactron iconoscope magic eye tube monoscope selectron tube storage tube trochotron video camera tube williams tube gas filled tubes crossatron dekatron ignitron krytron mercury arc valve nixie tube thyratron trigatron voltage regulator tube geiger müller tube wire chamber neon lamp adjustable potentiometer digital variable capacitor varicap passive connector audio and video electrical power rf ferrite antifuse fuse resettable efuse resistor switch thermistor varistor reactive capacitor types ceramic resonator crystal oscillator inductor relay reed relay mercury relay other devices hall effect sensor squid spin valve magnetic tunnel junction mtj planar hall sensor ggnmos retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title metal_rectifier oldid 1354605416 categories semiconductor devices rectifiers hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata this page was last edited on 17 may 2026 at 10 33 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents metal rectifier 9 languages add topic
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