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ates where the term middle class describes people who in other countries would be described as working class 5 there has been significant global middle class growth over time in february 2009 the economist asserted that over half of the world s population belonged to the middle class as a result of rapid growth in emerging countries it characterized the middle class as having a substantial amount of discretionary income and defined it as beginning at the point where people have roughly a third of their income left for discretionary spending after paying for basic food and shelter 6 history and evolution of the term edit sculpture of a chōnin a middle class of mainly merchants that emerged in japan during the edo period early 18th century the term middle class is first attested in james bradshaw s 1745 pamphlet scheme to prevent running irish wools to france 7 8 another phrase used in early modern europe was the middling sort 9 10 the term middle class has had several and sometimes contradictory meanings 11 friedrich engels saw the category as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry in late feudalist society 12 need quotation to verify while the nobility owned much of the countryside and the peasantry worked it a new bourgeoisie literally town dwellers arose around mercantile functions in the city in france the middle classes helped drive the french revolution 13 this middle class eventually overthrew the ruling monarchists of feudal society thus becoming the new ruling class or bourgeoisie in the new capitalist dominated societies 14 the modern usage of the term middle class however dates to the 1913 uk registrar general s report in which the statistician t h c stevenson identified the middle class as those falling between the upper class and the working class 15 the middle class includes professionals managers and senior civil servants the chief defining characteristic of membership in the middle class is control of significant human capital while still being under the dominion of the elite upper class who control much of the financial and legal capital in the world within capitalism middle class initially referred to the bourgeoisie later with the further differentiation of classes as capitalist societies developed the term came to be synonymous with the term petite bourgeoisie the boom and bust cycles of capitalist economies result in the periodic and more or less temporary impoverishment and proletarianization of much of the petite bourgeois world resulting in their moving back and forth between working class and petite bourgeois status the typical modern definitions of middle class tend to ignore the fact that the classical petite bourgeoisie is and has always been the owner of a small to medium sized business whose income is derived almost exclusively from the employment of workers middle class came to refer to the combination of the labour aristocracy professionals and salaried white collar workers a broad middle class can act as a counterweight against oligarchy 16 the size of the middle class depends on how it is defined whether by education wealth environment of upbringing social network manners or values etc these are all related but are far from deterministically dependent the following factors are often ascribed in the literature on this topic to a middle class by whom achievement of tertiary education holding professional qualifications including academics lawyers chartered engineers politicians and doctors regardless of leisure or wealth belief in bourgeois values such as high rates of house ownership delayed gratification and jobs that are perceived to be secure lifestyle in the united kingdom social status has historically been linked less directly to wealth than in the united states 17 18 and has also been judged by such characteristics as accent received pronunciation and u and non u english manners type of school attended state or private school occupation and the class of a person s family circle of friends and acquaintances 19 20 in the united states by the end of the twentieth century more people identified themselves as middle class with insignificant numbers identifying themselves as upper class 21 the labour party in the uk which grew out of the organised labour movement and originally drew almost all of its support from the working class reinvented itself under tony blair in the 1990s as new labour a party competing with the conservative party for the votes of the middle class as well as those of the labour party s traditional group of voters the working class around 40 of british people consider themselves to be middle class and this number has remained relatively stable over the last few decades 22 according to the oecd the middle class refers to households with income between 75 and 200 of the median national income 23 marxism edit main articles marxism and marxian class theory marxism defines social classes according to their relationship with the means of production the main basis of social class division of marxism the possession of means of production the role and position it plays in social labor organization production process the distribution of wealth and resources and the amount marxist writers have used the term middle class in various ways 24 in the first sense it is used for the bourgeoisie the urban merchant and professional class that arose between the aristocracy and the proletariat in the waning years of feudalism in the marxist model vladimir lenin stated that the peasantry in russia constitute eight or nine tenths of the petty bourgeoisie 25 26 however in modern developed countries marxist writers define the petite bourgeoisie as primarily comprising as the name implies owners of small to medium sized businesses who derive their income from the exploitation of wage laborers and who are in turn exploited by the big bourgeoisie i e bankers owners of large corporate trusts etc as well as the highly educated professional class of doctors engineers architects lawyers university professors salaried middle management of capitalist enterprises of all sizes etc as the middle class which stands between the ruling capitalist owners of the means of production and the working class whose income is derived solely from hourly wages citation needed louis c fraina lewis corey a pioneer 20th century american marxist theoretician defined the middle class as the class of independent small enterprisers owners of productive property from which a livelihood is derived 27 from fraina s perspective this social category included propertied farmers but not propertyless tenant farmers middle class also included salaried managerial and supervisory employees but not the masses of propertyless dependent salaried employees 27 fraina speculated that the entire category of salaried employees might be adequately described as a new middle class in economic terms although this remained a social grouping in which most of whose members are a new proletariat 27 professional managerial class edit main article professional managerial class in 1977 barbara ehrenreich and john ehrenreich defined a new class in the united states as salaried mental workers who do not own the means of production and whose major function in the social division of labor is the reproduction of capitalist culture and capitalist class relations the ehrenreichs named this group the professional managerial class 28 this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education typically business qualifications and university degrees 29 with example occupations including academics and teachers social workers engineers accountants managers nurses and middle level administrators 30 the ehrenreichs developed their definition from studies by andré gorz serge mallet and others of a new working class which despite education and a perception of themselves as middle class were part of the working class because they did not own the means of production and were wage earners paid to produce a piece of capital 31 the professional managerial class seek higher rank status and salaries 32 and tend to have incomes above the average for their country 33 recent global growth edit modern definitions of the term middle class are often politically motivated and vary according to the exigencies of political purpose which they were conceived to serve in the first place as well as due to the multiplicity of more or less scientific methods used to measure and compare wealth between modern advanced industrial states where poverty is relatively low and the distribution of wealth more egalitarian in a relative sense and in developing countries where poverty and a profoundly unequal distribution of wealth crush the vast majority of the population many of these methods of comparison have been harshly criticised for example economist thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty first century describes one of the most commonly used comparative measures of wealth across the globe the gini coefficient as being an example of synthetic indices which mix very different things such as inequality with respect to labor and capital so that it is impossible to distinguish clearly among the multiple dimensions of inequality and the various mechanisms at work 34 in february 2009 the economist asserted that over half the world s population now belongs to the middle class as a result of rapid growth in emerging countries it characterized the middle class as having a reasonable amount of discretionary income so that they do not live from hand to mouth as the poor do and defined it as beginning at the point where people have roughly a third of their income left for discretionary spending after paying for basic food and shelter this allows people to buy consumer goods improve their health care and provide for their children s education most of the emerging middle class consists of people who are middle class by the standards of the developing world but not the developed one since their money incomes do not match developed country levels but the percentage of it which is discretionary does by this definition the number of middle class people in asia exceeded that in the west sometime around 2007 or 2008 35 the economist s article pointed out that in many emerging countries the middle class has not grown incrementally but explosively the point at which the poor start entering the middle class by the millions is alleged to be the time when poor countries get the maximum benefit from cheap labour through international trade before they price themselves out of world markets for cheap goods it is also a period of rapid urbanization when subsistence farmers abandon marginal farms to work in factories resulting in a several fold increase in their economic productivity before their wages catch up to international levels that stage was reached in china sometime between 1990 and 2005 when the chinese middle class grew from 15 to 62 of the population and is just being reached in india now the economist predicted that surge across the poverty line should continue for a couple of decades and the global middle class will grow exponentially between now and 2030 based on the rapid growth scholars expect the global middle class to be the driving force for sustainable development this assumption however is contested see below 36 as the american middle class is estimated by some researchers to comprise approximately 45 of the population 37 38 39 the economist s article would put the size of the american middle class below the world average this difference is due to the extreme difference in definitions between the economist s and many other models discuss in 2010 a working paper by the oecd asserted that 1 8 billion people were now members of the global middle class 40 credit suisse s global wealth report 2014 released in october 2014 estimated that one billion adults belonged to the middle class with wealth anywhere between the range of 10 000 100 000 41 according to a study carried out by the pew research center a combined 16 of the world s population in 2011 were upper middle income and upper income 42 an april 2019 oecd report said that the millennial generation is being pushed out of the middle class throughout the western world 43 china edit since the beginning of the 21st century china s middle class has grown by significant margins according to the center for strategic and international studies by 2013 some 420 million people or 31 of the chinese population qualified as middle class 44 based on the world bank definition of middle class as those having with daily spending between 10 and 50 per day nearly 40 of the chinese population were considered middle class as of 2017 45 germany edit in 2017 andreas reckwitz described two middle classes in germany the new middle class and the old middle class the new middle class consists primarily of highly qualified academics in large cities with good career prospects especially in the knowledge economy although this new middle class has a high ecological footprint for example due to frequent air travel it nevertheless considers ecologically responsible behavior to be important the old middle class are people with a medium level of education often in small town rural regions who tend to be conservative and traditional in their attitudes and lifestyles 46 47 india edit estimates vary widely on the number of middle class people in india a 1983 article put the indian middle class as somewhere between 70 and 100 million 48 according to one study the middle class in india stood at between 60 and 80 million by 1990 49 according to the economist 78 million of india s population are considered middle class as of 2017 if defined using the cutoff of those making more than 10 per day a standard used by the india s national council of applied economic research 50 if including those with incomes between 2 and 10 per day the number increases to 604 million this was termed by researchers as the new middle class 51 measures considered include geography lifestyle income and education the world inequality report in 2018 further concluded that elites i e the top 10 are accumulating wealth at a greater rate than the middle class that rather than growing india s middle class may be shrinking in size 50 africa edit according to a 2014 study by standard bank economist simon freemantle a total of 15 3 million households in 11 surveyed nations of africa are middle class angola ethiopia ghana kenya mozambique nigeria south sudan sudan tanzania uganda and zambia 52 in south africa a report conducted by the institute for race relations in 2015 53 estimated that 10 20 of south africans are middle class based on various criteria 54 an earlier study estimated that in 2008 21 3 of south africans were members of the middle class 55 a study by eiu canback indicates 90 of africans fall below an income of 10...
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