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sar supergroup wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 etymology 2 history of discovery 3 diversity toggle diversity subsection 3 1 internal phylogeny 4 see also 5 notes 6 references toggle the table of contents sar supergroup 27 languages العربية asturianu български bosanski català čeština deutsch español français galego עברית hrvatski magyar interlingua bahasa indonesia 日本語 한국어 nederlands polski português română русский simple english српски srpski türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia eukaryotic supergroup that comprises stramenopiles alveolates and rhizarians tsar redirects here not to be confused with tsar or tsar publications for other uses see tsar disambiguation sar temporal range 736 0 ma 1 pha proterozoic archean had scientific classification domain eukaryota clade diaphoretickes clade tsar clade sar burki et al 2008 emend adl et al 2012 2 subgroups halvaria stramenopiles heterokonts alveolata rhizaria incertae sedis labyrinthomyxa 3 synonyms harosa cavalier smith 2010 sar burki et al 2008 ras baldauf 2008 sar nb 1 is a highly diverse clade of eukaryotes often considered a supergroup 5 that includes stramenopiles heterokonts alveolates and rhizarians 6 7 8 it is a node based taxon under the sar name including all descendants of the three groups last common ancestor 9 and comprises most of the now rejected chromalveolata 5 their sister group might be telonemids with which they would make up the tsar clade 10 but this grouping has been challenged 11 12 harosa is used synonymously with tsar by cavalier smith in 2022 13 etymology edit the name sar is an acronym derived from the first letters of its three constituent clades it has been alternatively spelled ras 14 the term harosa at the subkingdom level has also been used with stramenopiles replaced by its synonym heterokonta in this variant of the acronym 15 history of discovery edit before the discovery of the sar supergroup stramenopiles and alveolates were classified in the supergroup chromalveolata alongside haptophytes and cryptomonads being believed to have acquired plastids through secondary endosymbiosis of red algae through a common ancestor 5 meanwhile rhizaria was traditionally considered to be a separate supergroup more recent phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged with rhizarians as part of the sar lineage 16 this clade has been found by later phylogenomic studies to be robustly characterized compared to other supergroups 10 this group excludes haptophytes and cryptomonads hypothesized to have acquired plastids in separate endosymbiosis events 17 leading okamoto et al 2009 to propose the clade hacrobia to accommodate them 18 diversity edit the sar supergroup encompasses a variety of morphologies and ecological niches from microscopic zoo and phytoplankton to massive kelp forests the group includes both photosynthetic and non photosynthetic forms photosynthesis arose independently across various stramenopile and alveolate lineages through secondary or higher order endosymbiosis events acquiring plastids of red algal origin 19 17 while chlorarachniophyte rhizarians captured plastids from green algae retaining vestigial nucleomorphs 20 it has been estimated that sar encompasses up to half of all eukaryotic diversity 5 owing to the clade s discovery through phylogenomics there are no known synapomorphies uniting its various members 6 this was already the case for its subclade rhizaria established earlier through similar means on the other hand stramenopiles is well defined morphologically characterized by an anterior flagellum with tripartite bristles mastigonemes while alveolata is united by the presence of cortical alveoli 21 nonetheless studies of telonemids have revealed characteristics such as tripartite hair and peripheral vacuoles potentially homologous to similar structures in stramenopiles and alveolates this brings into light the possibility of these structures being ancestrally shared by the clade with cortical alveoli originating from peripheral vacuoles under this hypothesis 10 internal phylogeny edit a 2021 analysis places alveolata and stramenopiles in halvaria as sister to rhizaria 17 sar rhizaria halvaria alveolata stramenopiles harosa see also edit amoebozoa archaeplastida excavata opisthokonta notes edit as a formal taxon sar has only its first letter capitalized while the earlier abbreviation sar retains all uppercase letters both names denote the same group of organisms 4 references edit laura wegener parfrey daniel j g lahr andrew h knoll laura a katz 16 august 2011 estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks pdf proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 108 33 13624 9 bibcode 2011pnas 10813624p doi 10 1073 pnas 1110633108 issn 0027 8424 pmc 3158185 pmid 21810989 wikidata q24614721 adl sina m bass david lane christopher e lukeš julius schoch conrad l smirnov alexey agatha sabine berney cedric brown matthew w burki fabien cárdenas paco čepička ivan chistyakova lyudmila del campo javier dunthorn micah 2019 revisions to the classification nomenclature and diversity of eukaryotes journal of eukaryotic microbiology 66 1 4 119 doi 10 1111 jeu 12691 issn 1550 7408 pmc 6492006 pmid 30257078 anderson o roger cavalier smith thomas 2013 01 14 ultrastructure of diplophrys parva a new small freshwater species and a revised analysis of labyrinthulea heterokonta acta protozoologica 51 4 291 304 doi 10 4467 16890027ap 12 023 0783 adl sina m simpson alastair g b lane christopher e lukeš julius bass david bowser samuel s brown matthew w burki fabien dunthorn micah hampl vladimir heiss aaron hoppenrath mona lara enrique le gall line lynn denis h september 2012 the revised classification of eukaryotes journal of eukaryotic microbiology 59 5 429 514 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2012 00644 x issn 1066 5234 pmc 3483872 pmid 23020233 a b c d burki fabien roger andrew j brown matthew w simpson alastair g b january 2020 the new tree of eukaryotes trends in ecology evolution 35 1 43 55 bibcode 2020tecoe 35 43b doi 10 1016 j tree 2019 08 008 pmid 31606140 a b burki f shalchian tabrizi k minge m skjaeveland a nikolaev si jakobsen ks pawlowski j august 2007 butler g ed phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups plos one 2 8 e790 bibcode 2007ploso 2 790b doi 10 1371 journal pone 0000790 pmc 1949142 pmid 17726520 hampl v hug l leigh jw dacks jb lang bf simpson ag roger aj march 2009 phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic supergroups proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 106 10 3859 64 bibcode 2009pnas 106 3859h doi 10 1073 pnas 0807880106 pmc 2656170 pmid 19237557 frommolt r werner s paulsen h goss r wilhelm c zauner s et al december 2008 ancient recruitment by chromists of green algal genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis molecular biology and evolution 25 12 2653 67 doi 10 1093 molbev msn206 pmid 18799712 adl sm simpson ag lane ce lukeš j bass d bowser ss et al september 2012 the revised classification of eukaryotes the journal of eukaryotic microbiology 59 5 429 93 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2012 00644 x pmc 3483872 pmid 23020233 a b c strassert jf jamy m mylnikov ap tikhonenkov dv burki f april 2019 shapiro b ed new phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life molecular biology and evolution 36 4 757 765 doi 10 1093 molbev msz012 pmc 6844682 pmid 30668767 yazaki euki yabuki akinori imaizumi ayaka kume keitaro hashimoto tetsuo inagaki yuji 2022 the closest lineage of archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include microheliella maris open biol 12 4 210376 doi 10 1098 rsob 210376 pmc 9006020 pmid 35414259 torruella guifré galindo luis javier moreira david lópez garcía purificación 2025 phylogenomics of neglected flagellated protists supports a revised eukaryotic tree of life current biology 35 1 198 207 e4 bibcode 2025cbio 35 198t biorxiv 10 1101 2024 05 15 594285 doi 10 1016 j cub 2024 10 075 hdl 10481 102343 pmid 39642877 cavalier smith thomas 2022 05 01 ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms protozoa plantae and fungi protoplasma 259 3 487 593 bibcode 2022prpls 259 487c doi 10 1007 s00709 021 01665 7 issn 1615 6102 pmc 9010356 pmid 34940909 baldauf sl 2008 an overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes pdf journal of systematics and evolution 46 3 263 273 doi 10 3724 sp j 1002 2008 08060 inactive 12 july 2025 s2cid 512766 archived from the original pdf on 2019 08 20 cite journal cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 link cavalier smith t june 2010 kingdoms protozoa and chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree biology letters 6 3 342 5 bibcode 2010bilet 6 342c doi 10 1098 rsbl 2009 0948 pmc 2880060 pmid 20031978 dawkins r wong y 2016 ancestor s tale houghton mifflin harcourt pp 573 577 isbn 978 0 544 85993 7 a b c strassert jf irisarri i williams ta burki f march 2021 a molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal derived plastids nature communications 12 1 1879 bibcode 2021natco 12 1879s doi 10 1038 s41467 021 22044 z pmc 7994803 pmid 33767194 burki f may 2014 the eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective cold spring harbor perspectives in biology 6 5 a016147 doi 10 1101 cshperspect a016147 pmc 3996474 pmid 24789819 mcfadden g i 2001 primary and secondary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids journal of phycology 37 6 951 959 bibcode 2001jpcgy 37 951m doi 10 1046 j 1529 8817 2001 01126 x s2cid 51945442 archibald jm january 2009 the puzzle of plastid evolution current biology 19 2 r81 8 bibcode 2009cbio 19 r81a doi 10 1016 j cub 2008 11 067 pmid 19174147 s2cid 51989 grattepanche jean david et al march 2018 microbial diversity in the eukaryotic sar clade illuminating the darkness between morphology and molecular datadarkness between morphology and molecular data bioessays 40 4 e1700198 doi 10 1002 bies 201700198 pmid 29512175 v t e eukaryote classification domain archaea bacteria eukaryota major groups metamonada discoba diaphoretickes hacrobia cryptista rhizaria alveolata stramenopiles plants amorphea amoebozoa opisthokonta animalia fungi mesomycetozoea amorphea amoebozoa discosea tubulinea variosea archamoebea cutosea eumycetozoa true slime molds obazoa apusomonadida breviatea opisthokonta holomycota nucleariidae fungi ¹ holozoa tunicaraptor bicellum ichthyosporea pluriformea filozoa filasterea choanozoa choanoflagellata animalia animals ¹ diaphoretickes telonemia haptista centroplasthelida haptophytina sar rhizaria cercozoa endomyxa retaria foraminifera radiolaria alveolata colponemida ciliophora ciliates myzozoa apicomplexa chrompodellida dinoflagellata perkinsozoa stramenopiles platysulcus kaonashia commation bigyra bicosoecida placidozoa sagenista gyrista developea pirsoniales hyphochytriomycetes ochrophyta brown algae diatoms and relatives oomycota water molds actinophryida cam pancryptista microheliella cryptista palpitomonas katablepharidida cryptomonada archaeplastida plants sensu lato picozoa rhodophyta red algae rhodelphidia glaucophyta viridiplantae green plants or plants sensu stricto prasinodermophyta chlorophyta streptophyta mesostigmatophyceae chlorokybophyceae spirotaenia klebsormidiophyceae charophyceae coleochaetophyceae zygnematophyceae embryophyta land plants or plants sensu strictissimo ¹ disparia provora nebulidia nibbleridia membrifera caelestes hemimastigophora excavates discoba jakobea tsukubamonas discicristata heterolobosea euglenozoa metamonada anaeramoebidae parabasalia barthelona skoliomonas fornicata preaxostyla malawimonadida malawimonadidae imasidae incertae sedis ancyromonadida ancyromonadidae planomonadidae divimonas crums diphylleida mantamonadida rigifilida glissandrida genera of uncertain affiliation acinetactis berkeleyaesol kamera magosphaera meringosphaera meteora parakaryon phyllomitus quasibodo tetrahelia acritarchs and other fossils acritarcha algospongia archaeochaeta calcitarcha calpionellida cephalonyx changchengia cheleutochroa chitinozoa coryphidium cucumiforma dictyosphaera diskagma eosolena francevillian biota germinosphaera grandilingulata granomarginata grypania gunflint microbiota horodyskia introvertocystis korilophyton leiosphaeridia navifusa portalites protosterol biota prototaxites pterospermopsimorpha qingshania quadrisporites schizofusa shuiyousphaeridium simia tappania tawuia tetraporina thuchomyces tuanshanzia valeria vernanimalcula ¹non protist groups possibly paraphyletic groups bold denotes groups with over 1 000 species taxonomy of protists taxon identifiers harosa wikidata q18397957 wikispecies harosa algaebase 142011 irmng 11904991 itis 969910 nbn nhmsys0021057654 ncbi 2698737 nzor 0096df19 0000 484f af50 4f6e83859ff7 open tree of life 5246039 paleobiology database 325035 worms 582419 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title sar_supergroup oldid 1361550637 categories protist taxa sar supergroup hidden categories cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with species microformats taxonbars with multiple manual wikidata items taxonbars without primary wikidata taxon ids this page was last edited on 28 june 2026 at 17 19 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents sar supergroup 27 languages add topic
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