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me chosen and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other it is not necessary to choose the object in the solar system with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret a geocentric coordinate system can be more convenient when dealing only with bodies mostly influenced by the gravity of the earth such as artificial satellites and the moon or when calculating what the sky will look like when viewed from earth as opposed to an imaginary observer looking down on the entire solar system where a different coordinate system might be more convenient citation needed religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism edit see also geocentric creationism the ptolemaic model held sway into the early modern age from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model geocentrism as a separate religious belief however never completely died out in the united states between 1870 and 1920 for example various members of the lutheran church missouri synod published articles disparaging copernican astronomy and promoting geocentrism 55 however in the 1902 theological quarterly a l graebner observed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism heliocentrism or any scientific model unless it were to contradict scripture he stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole 56 articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters which contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include robert sungenis author of the 2006 book galileo was wrong and the 2014 pseudo documentary film the principle 57 most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives n 2 a few orthodox jewish leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe and an interpretation of maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the earth is orbited by the sun 59 60 the lubavitcher rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of relativity 61 while geocentrism is important in maimonides calendar calculations 62 the great majority of jewish religious scholars who accept the divinity of the bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding do not believe that the bible or maimonides command a belief in geocentrism 60 63 there have been some modern islamic scholars who promoted geocentrism one of them was ahmed raza khan barelvi a sunni scholar of the indian subcontinent he rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book 64 that explains the movement of the sun moon and other planets around the earth according to a report released in 2014 by the national science foundation 26 of americans surveyed believe that the sun revolves around the earth 65 morris berman quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20 of the u s population believe that the sun goes around the earth geocentricism rather than the earth goes around the sun heliocentricism while a further 9 claimed not to know 66 polls conducted by gallup in the 1990s found that 16 of germans 18 of americans and 19 of britons hold that the sun revolves around the earth 67 a study conducted in 2005 by jon d miller of northwestern university an expert in the public understanding of science and technology 68 found that about 20 or one in five of american adults believe that the sun orbits the earth 69 according to 2011 vtsiom poll 32 of russians believe that the sun orbits the earth 70 planetariums edit many planetariums can switch between heliocentric and geocentric models 71 72 in particular the geocentric model is still used for projecting the celestial sphere and lunar phases in education 73 ephemerides edit ephemerides tables of positions of the sun which are needed for astronomical and navigational purposes assume geocentricity for ease of calculation 74 see also edit aristotelian physics earth centered earth fixed coordinate system history of the center of the universe hollow earth concave hollow earths religious cosmology sphere of fire wolfgang smith catholic mathematician notes edit this argument is given in book i chapter 5 of the almagest 9 donald b deyoung for example states that similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun s rising and setting even though the earth not the sun is doing the moving bible writers used the language of appearance just as people always have without it the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly when the bible touches on scientific subjects it is entirely accurate 58 references edit kuhn 1957 pp 5 20 kuhn 1957 fraser craig g 2006 the cosmos a historical perspective bloomsbury academic p 14 isbn 9780313332180 lindberg david c 2007 the beginnings of western science 2nd ed chicago university of chicago press pp 38 66 isbn 978 0 226 48205 7 hetherington norriss s 2006 planetary motions a historical perspective bloomsbury academic p 28 isbn 9780313332418 ramasubramanian k srinivas m d sriram m s 1994 modification of the earlier indian planetary theory by the kerala astronomers c 1500 ad and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion current science 66 10 784 790 issn 0011 3891 carman christián c january 2018 the first copernican was copernicus the difference between pre copernican and copernican heliocentrism archive for history of exact sciences 72 1 1 20 doi 10 1007 s00407 017 0198 3 hdl 11336 72174 issn 0003 9519 goldstein bernard r 1967 the arabic version of ptolemy s planetary hypothesis transactions of the american philosophical society 57 pt 4 6 doi 10 2307 1006040 jstor 1006040 crowe 1990 pp 60 62 ptolemaic astronomy in the middle ages kunitzsch paul 2008 almagest its reception and transmission in the islamic world encyclopaedia of the history of science technology and medicine in non western cultures pp 140 141 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 4425 0_8988 isbn 978 1 4020 4559 2 how islamic scholarship birthed modern astronomy 14 february 2017 sabra a i 1998 configuring the universe aporetic problem solving and kinematic modeling as themes of arabic astronomy perspectives on science 6 3 288 330 317 18 doi 10 1162 posc_a_00552 s2cid 117426616 all islamic astronomers from thabit ibn qurra in the ninth century to ibn al shatir in the fourteenth and all natural philosophers from al kindi to averroes and later are known to have accepted the greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one the celestial sphere concentrically envelops the other hoskin michael 1999 03 18 the cambridge concise history of astronomy cambridge university press p 60 isbn 9780521576000 ragep f jamil 2001 tusi and copernicus the earth s motion in context science in context 14 1 2 cambridge university press 145 163 doi 10 1017 s0269889701000060 s2cid 145372613 ragep f jamil 2001 freeing astronomy from philosophy an aspect of islamic influence on science osiris 2nd series 16 science in theistic contexts cognitive dimensions 49 64 66 71 bibcode 2001osir 16 49r doi 10 1086 649338 s2cid 142586786 1 2 setia adi 2004 fakhr al din al razi on physics and the nature of the physical world a preliminary survey pdf islam science 2 permanent dead link alessandro bausani 1973 cosmology and religion in islam scientia rivista di scienza 108 67 762 1 2 3 young m j l ed 2006 11 02 religion learning and science in the abbasid period cambridge university press p 413 isbn 9780521028875 nasr seyyed hossein 1993 01 01 an introduction to islamic cosmological doctrines suny press p 135 isbn 9781438414195 qadir 1989 p 5 10 nicolaus copernicus stanford encyclopedia of philosophy 2004 rufus w c may 1939 the influence of islamic astronomy in europe and the far east popular astronomy vol 47 no 5 pp 233 8 bibcode 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