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o conform to laws as early as 1935 a prussian administrative court had ruled that the gestapo s actions were not subject to judicial review the ss officer werner best one time head of legal affairs in the gestapo 31 summed up this policy by saying as long as the police carries out the will of the leadership it is acting legally 32 on 27 september 1939 the security and police agencies of nazi germany with the exception of the order police were consolidated into the reich security main office rsha headed by heydrich 33 the gestapo became amt iv department iv of rsha and müller became the gestapo chief with heydrich as his immediate superior 34 after heydrich s 1942 assassination himmler assumed the leadership of the rsha until january 1943 when ernst kaltenbrunner was appointed chief 35 müller remained the gestapo chief his direct subordinate adolf eichmann headed the gestapo s office of resettlement and then its office of jewish affairs referat iv b4 or sub department iv section b4 36 during the holocaust eichmann s department within the gestapo coordinated the mass deportation of european jews to the nazis extermination camps the power of the gestapo included the use of what was called schutzhaft protective custody a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings 37 an oddity of the system was that the prisoner had to sign his own schutzhaftbefehl an order declaring that the person had requested imprisonment presumably out of fear of personal harm in addition political prisoners throughout germany and from 1941 throughout the occupied territories under the night and fog decree german nacht und nebel simply disappeared while in gestapo custody 5 up to 30 april 1944 at least 6 639 persons were arrested under nacht und nebel orders 38 however the total number of people who disappeared as a result of this decree is not known 39 counterintelligence the polish government in exile in london during world war ii received sensitive military information about nazi germany from agents and informants throughout europe after germany conquered poland in the autumn of 1939 gestapo officials believed that they had neutralised polish intelligence activities however certain polish information about the movement of german police and ss units to the east during 1941 german invasion of the soviet union was similar to information british intelligence secretly obtained through intercepting and decoding german police and ss messages sent by radio telegraphy 40 in 1942 the gestapo discovered a cache of polish intelligence documents in prague and were surprised to see that polish agents and informants had been gathering detailed military information and smuggling it out to london via budapest and istanbul the poles identified and tracked german military trains to the eastern front and identified four order police battalions sent to occupied areas of the soviet union in october 1941 that engaged in war crimes and mass murder 41 polish agents also gathered detailed information about the morale of german soldiers in the east after uncovering a sample of the information the poles had reported gestapo officials concluded that polish intelligence activity represented a very serious danger to germany as late as 6 june 1944 heinrich müller concerned about the leakage of information to the allies set up a special unit called sonderkommando jerzy that was meant to root out the polish intelligence network in western and southwestern europe 42 in austria there were groups still loyal to the habsburgs who unlike most across the greater german reich remained determined to resist the nazis these groups became a special focus of the gestapo because of their insurrectionist goals the overthrow of the nazi regime the re establishment of an independent austria under habsburg leadership and hitler s hatred of the habsburg family hitler vehemently rejected the centuries old habsburg pluralist principles of live and let live with regard to ethnic groups peoples minorities religions cultures and languages 43 habsburg loyalist karl burian s who was later executed plan to blow up the gestapo headquarters in vienna represented a unique attempt to act aggressively against the gestapo burian s group had also set up a secret courier service to otto von habsburg in belgium individuals in austrian resistance groups led by heinrich maier also managed to pass along the plans and the location of production facilities for v 1 v 2 rockets tiger tanks and aircraft messerschmitt bf 109 messerschmitt me 163 komet etc to the allies 44 the maier group informed very early about the mass murder of jews the resistance group later discovered by the gestapo because of a double agent of the abwehr was in contact with allen dulles the head of the us office of strategic services in switzerland although maier and the other group members were severely tortured the gestapo did not uncover the essential involvement of the resistance group in operation crossbow and operation hydra 45 46 a suppression of resistance and persecution early in the regime s existence harsh measures were meted out to political opponents and those who resisted nazi doctrine such as members of the communist party of germany kpd a role originally performed by the sa until the sd and gestapo undermined their influence and took control of reich security 47 because the gestapo seemed omniscient and omnipotent the atmosphere of fear they created led to an overestimation of their reach and strength a faulty assessment which hampered the operational effectiveness of underground resistance organisations 48 trade unions shortly after the nazis came to power they decided to dissolve the 28 federations of the general german trade union confederation because hitler after noting their success in the works council elections intended to consolidate all german workers under the nazi government s administration a decision he made on 7 april 1933 49 as a preface to this action hitler decreed 1 may as national labour day to celebrate german workers a move the trade union leaders welcomed with their trade union flags waving hitler gave a rousing speech to the 1 5 million people assembled on berlin s tempelhofer feld that was nationally broadcast during which he extolled the nation s revival and working class solidarity 50 on the following day the newly formed gestapo officers who had been shadowing some 58 trade union leaders arrested them wherever they could find them many in their homes 51 meanwhile the sa and police occupied trade union headquarters arrested functionaries confiscated their property and assets all by design so as to be replaced on 12 may by the german labour front daf a nazi organisation placed under the leadership of robert ley 52 for their part this was the first time the gestapo operated under its new name since its 26 april 1933 founding in prussia 51 implications of the nuremberg laws the nuremberg laws of september 1935 materially transformed the scope of gestapo enforcement by dramatically expanding the range of denunciable behavior even expressions of sympathy toward jews or the mere appearance of social proximity became actionable under the new legislation 53 popular responses across germany ranged from enthusiastic endorsement to passive accommodation but the practical consequence was uniform the laws made it considerably easier for private individuals to weaponize the gestapo against neighbours competitors or former associates irrespective of their own ideological disposition 54 religious dissent many parts of germany where religious dissent existed upon the nazi seizure of power saw a rapid transformation a change as noted by the gestapo in conservative towns such as würzburg where people acquiesced to the regime either through accommodation collaboration or simple compliance 55 increasing religious objections to nazi policies led the gestapo to carefully monitor church organisations for the most part members of the church did not offer political resistance but simply wanted to ensure that organizational doctrine remained intact 56 however the nazi regime sought to suppress any source of ideology other than its own and set out to muzzle or crush the churches in the so called kirchenkampf when church leaders clergy voiced their misgiving about the euthanasia program and nazi racial policies hitler intimated that he considered them traitors to the people and went so far as to call them the destroyers of germany 57 the extreme anti semitism and neo pagan heresies of the nazis caused some christians to outright resist 58 and pope pius xi to issue the encyclical mit brennender sorge denouncing nazism and warning catholics against joining or supporting the party some pastors like the protestant clergyman dietrich bonhoeffer paid for their opposition with their lives 59 b in an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance nazi records reveal that the gestapo s referat b1 monitored the activities of bishops very closely instructing that agents be set up in every diocese that the bishops reports to the vatican should be obtained and that the bishops areas of activity must be found out deans were to be targeted as the eyes and ears of the bishops and a vast network established to monitor the activities of ordinary clergy the importance of this enemy is such that inspectors of security police and of the security service will make this group of people and the questions discussed by them their special concern 61 in dachau the official history 1933 1945 paul berben wrote that clergy were watched closely and frequently denounced arrested and sent to nazi concentration camps one priest was imprisoned in dachau for having stated that there were good folk in england too another suffered the same fate for warning a girl who wanted to marry an s s man after abjuring the catholic faith yet another because he conducted a service for a deceased communist others were arrested simply on the basis of being suspected of activities hostile to the state or that there was reason to suppose that his dealings might harm society 62 over 2 700 catholic protestant and orthodox clergy were imprisoned at dachau alone after heydrich who was staunchly anti catholic and anti christian was assassinated in prague his successor ernst kaltenbrunner relaxed some of the policies and then disbanded department ivb religious opponents of the gestapo 63 homosexuality violence and arrest were not confined to that opposing political parties membership in trade unions or those with dissenting religious opinions but also homosexuality it was viewed negatively by hitler 64 homosexuals were correspondingly considered a threat to the volksgemeinschaft national community 65 from the nazis rise to national power in 1933 the number of court verdicts against homosexuals steadily increased and only declined once the second world war started 64 in 1934 a special gestapo office was set up in berlin to deal with homosexuality 66 despite male homosexuality being considered a greater danger to national survival lesbianism was likewise viewed as unacceptable deemed gender nonconformity and a number of individual reports on lesbians can be found in gestapo files 67 c between 1933 and 1935 some 4 000 men were arrested between 1936 and 1939 another 30 000 men were convicted 68 if homosexuals showed any signs of sympathy to the nazis identified racial enemies they were considered an even greater danger 69 according to gestapo case files the majority of those arrested for homosexuality were males between eighteen and twenty five years of age 66 student opposition between june 1942 and march 1943 student protests were calling for an end to the nazi regime these included the non violent resistance of hans and sophie scholl two leaders of the white rose student group 70 however resistance groups and those who were in moral or political opposition to the nazis were stalled by the fear of reprisals from the gestapo fearful of an internal overthrow the forces of the gestapo were unleashed on the opposition groups like the white rose and others such as the edelweiss pirates and the swing youth were placed under close gestapo observation some participants were sent to concentration camps leading members of the most famous of these groups the white rose were arrested by the police and turned over to the gestapo for several leaders the punishment was death 71 during the first five months of 1943 the gestapo arrested thousands suspected of resistance activities and carried out numerous executions student opposition leaders were executed in late february and a major opposition organisation the oster circle was destroyed in april 1943 72 efforts to resist the nazi regime amounted to very little and had only minor chances of success particularly since a broad percentage of the german people did not support such actions 73 general opposition and military conspiracy between 1934 and 1938 opponents of the nazi regime and their fellow travellers began to emerge among the first to speak out were religious dissenters but following in their wake were educators aristocratic businessmen office workers teachers and others from nearly every walk of life 74 most people quickly learned that open opposition was dangerous since gestapo informants and agents were widespread however a significant number of them still worked against the national socialist government 75 in may 1935 the gestapo broke up and arrested members of the markwitz circle a group of former socialists in contact with otto strasser who sought hitler s downfall 76 from the mid 1930s into the early 1940s various groups made up of communists idealists working class people and far right conservative opposition organisations covertly fought against hitler s government and several of them fomented plots that included hitler s assassination nearly all of them including the römer group robby group solf circle schwarze reichswehr the party of the radical middle class jungdeutscher orden schwarze front and stahlhelm were either discovered or infiltrated by the gestapo this led to corresponding arrests being sent to concentration camps and execution 77 one of the methods employed by the gestapo to contend with these resistance factions was protective detention which facilitated the process in expediting dissenters to concentration camps and against which there was no legal defence 78 photograph from 1939 shown from left to right are franz josef huber arthur nebe heinrich himmler reinhard heydrich and heinrich müller planning the investigation of the bomb assassination attempt on adolf hitler on 8 november 1939 in munich early efforts to resist the nazis with aid from abroad were hindered when the opposition s peace feelers to the western allies did not meet with success this was partly because of the venlo incident of 9 november 1939 79 in which sd and gestapo agents posing as anti nazis in the nethe...
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