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sts are hieronymus bosch known for his surreal paintings filled with hybrid creatures like the garden of earthly delights and albrecht dürer who brought the new art of printmaking to a new level the high renaissance took place in the late 15th early 16th centuries and was influenced by the fact that as papal power stabilized in rome several popes commissioned art and architecture determined to recreate the city s former glory raphael and michelangelo produced vast and grandiose projects for the popes the most famous artwork of this part of the renaissance is probably the ceiling of the sistine chapel mannerism broke away from high renaissance ideals of harmony and a rational approach to art to embrace exaggerated forms elongated proportions and more vibrant colors it developed in italy between 1510 and 1520 among artists who prized originality above all the name of this movement comes from the italian maniera meaning style or manner the word was meant to describe the standard of excellence achieved during the high renaissance to which all art should now adhere but in practice it led to stylization and art to show art sometimes with great success an example being raphael s pupil giulio romano mannerism has also been used more generally to describe a period following the renaissance and preceding the baroque 151 the florence cathedral florence italy 1294 1436 by arnolfo di cambio filippo brunelleschi and emilio de fabris 152 crucifix by giotto c 1300 tempera on panel 5 78 x 4 06 m santa maria novella florence italy 153 arnolfini portrait by jan van eyck 1434 oil on panel 82 2 x 60 cm national gallery london 154 david by donatello c 1460s bronze height 1 6 m bargello florence 155 saint george and the dragon by paolo uccello c 1470 oil on canvas 55 6 x 74 2 cm national gallery london 156 primavera by sandro botticelli c 1478 tempera on panel 2 x 3 1 m uffizi gallery florence 157 the tempietto san pietro in montorio rome 1502 by donato bramante 158 mona lisa by leonardo da vinci c 1503 1519 oil on poplar panel 77 53 cm louvre 159 the garden of earthly delights by hieronymus bosch c 1504 oil on panel 2 2 x 1 95 m museo del prado madrid spain 160 sistine chapel ceiling by michelangelo 1508 1512 fresco 13 7 x 39 m sistine chapel vatican city 161 the school of athens by raphael 1509 1510 fresco 5 8 x 8 2 m apostolic palace vatican city 162 the rhinoceros by albrecht dürer 1515 woodcut 23 5 29 8 cm national gallery of art washington d c us château d azay le rideau loire france 1518 1527 163 the tower of babel by pieter bruegel the elder 1563 oil on panel 1 14 x 1 55 m kunsthistorisches museum vienna austria 164 cupboard c 1580 walnut and oak partially gilded and painted height 2 06 m width 1 50 m louvre 165 the augsburg town hall augsburg germany 1615 1624 by elias holl baroque edit main article baroque see also louis xiv style the palace of versailles versailles france one of the most iconic baroque buildings c 1660 1715 by louis le vau and jules hardouin mansart the marble court the salon d hercule the royal chapel the hall of mirrors the gardens the 17th century was a period of volatile change both in science through inventions and developments such as the telescope or the microscope and in religion as the catholic counter reformation contested the growing popularity of protestant faith after the protestant reformation the catholic church reacted with the counter reformation decreeing that art should inspire viewers with passionate religious themes succeeding mannerism and developing as a result of religious tensions across europe baroque art emerged in the late 16th century the name may derive from barocco the portuguese word for misshaped pearl and it describes art that combined emotion dynamism and drama with powerful color realism and strong tonal contrasts between 1545 and 1563 at the council of trent it was decided that religious art must encourage piety realism and accuracy and by attracting viewers attention and empathy glorify the catholic church and strengthen the image of catholicism in the next century the radical new styles of baroque art both embraced and developed high renaissance models and broke new ground both in religious art and in new varieties of secular art above all landscape the baroque and its late variant the rococo were the first truly global styles in the arts dominating more than two centuries of art and architecture in europe latin america and beyond from circa 1580 to circa 1750 born in the painting studios of bologna and rome in the 1580s and 1590s and in roman sculptural and architectural ateliers in the second and third decades of the 17th century the baroque spread swiftly throughout italy spain and portugal flanders france the netherlands england scandinavia and russia as well as to central and eastern european centres from munich germany to vilnius lithuania the portuguese spanish and french empires and the dutch trading network had a leading role in spreading the two styles into the americas and colonial africa and asia to places such as lima mozambique goa and the philippines just like paintings and sculptures baroque cathedrals and palaces are characterised by the use of illusion and drama as well they also frequently use dramatic effects of light and shade and have sumptuous highly decorated interiors that blurred the boundaries between architecture painting and sculpture another important characteristic of baroque architecture was the presence of dynamism done through curves solomonic columns and ovals in france baroque is synonymous with the reign of louis xiv between 1643 and 1715 since multiple monumental buildings were built in paris versailles and other parts of france during his rule such as the palace of versailles the château de maisons the château de vaux le vicomte the louvre colonnade or the dôme des invalides besides the building itself the space where it was placed has a role too baroque buildings try to seize viewers attention and to dominate their surroundings whether on a small scale such as the san carlo alle quattro fontane in rome or on a massive one like the new facade of the santiago de compostela cathedral designed to tower over the city applied arts prospered during this period as well baroque furniture could be as bombastic as the rooms they were meant to adorn and their motifs and techniques were carefully calibrated to coordinate with the architect s overall decorative programme one of the most prestigious furniture makers was andré charles boulle known for his marquetry technique made by gluing sheets of tortoiseshell and brass together and cut to form the design his works were also adorned with gilded bronze mounts complex gobelins tapestries featured scenes inspired by classical antiquity and the savonnerie manufactory produced big highly detailed carpets for the louvre these carpets with black or yellow backgrounds had a central motif or a medallion chinese porcelain delftware and mirrors fabricated at saint gobain france spread rapidly in all princely palaces and aristocratic residences in france during the reign of louis xiv big mirrors are put above fireplace mantels and this trend will last long after the baroque period 166 the four continents by peter paul rubens c 1615 oil on canvas 209 x 284 cm kunsthistorisches museum vienna austria château de maisons france by françois mansart 1630 1651 167 the rape of the sabine women by nicolas poussin 1634 1635 oil on canvas 1 55 2 1 m metropolitan museum of art new york city 168 the night watch by rembrandt 1642 oil on canvas 3 63 4 37 m rijksmuseum amsterdam the netherlands 169 ecstasy of saint teresa by gian lorenzo bernini 1647 1652 marble height 3 5 m santa maria della vittoria rome 170 las meninas by diego velázquez 1656 oil on canvas 318 cm 2 76 m museo del prado madrid spain 171 vanitas still life by maria van oosterwijck 1668 oil on canvas 73 x 88 5 cm kunsthistorisches museum 172 carpet with fame and fortitude by the savonnerie manufactory 1668 1685 knotted and cut wool pile woven with about 90 knots per square inch 909 3 x 459 7 cm metropolitan museum of art dôme des invalides paris 1677 1706 by jules hardouin mansart 173 commode by andré charles boulle c 1710 1732 walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell gilt bronze mounts antique marble top 87 6 x 128 3 x 62 9 cm metropolitan museum of art 174 part of a meissen porcelain tea and chocolate service c 1725 given to vittorio amadeo ii king of sardinia 1666 1732 by augustus the strong owner of the meissen factory frauenkirche in dresden 1726 1743 by george bähr rococo edit main article rococo see also style louis xv coiffure à l indépendance ou le triomphe de la liberté 1778 depicting a fashionable aristocratic woman is applying the finishing touches to her toilette 175 originating in c 1720 paris rococo is characterized by natural motifs soft colours curving lines asymmetry and themes including love nature and light hearted entertainment its ideals were delicacy gaiety youthfulness and sensuality beginning in france as a reaction against the heavy baroque grandeur of louis xiv s court at the palace of versailles the rococo movement became associated particularly with the powerful madame de pompadour 1721 1764 the mistress of the new king louis xv 1710 1774 because of this the style was also known as pompadour the name of the movement derives from the french rocaille or pebble and refers to stones and shells that decorate the interiors of caves as similar shell forms became a common feature in rococo design it began as a design and decorative arts style and was characterized by elegant flowing shapes architecture followed and then painting and sculpture the french painter with whom the term rococo is most often associated is jean antoine watteau whose pastoral scenes or fêtes galantes dominate the early part of the 18th century although there are some important bavarian churches in this style such as the wieskirche rococo is most often associated with secular buildings principally great palaces and salons where educated elites would meet to discuss literary and philosophical ideas in paris its popularity coincided with the emergence of the salon as a new type of social gathering the venues for which were often decorated in the rococo style among the most characteristically elegant and refined examples is the salon oval de la princesse of the hôtel de soubise one of the most beautiful 18th century mansions in paris the rococo introduced dramatic changes to elite furniture as it favoured smaller pieces with narrow sinewy frames and more delicate often asymmetrical decoration often including elements of chinoiserie the taste for far eastern objects mainly chinese lead to the use of chinese painted and lacquered panels for furniture the movement spread quickly throughout europe and as far as ottoman turkey and china thanks to ornament books featuring cartouches arabesques and shell work as well as designs for wall panels and fireplaces the most popular were made by juste aurèle meissonnier 1695 1750 jacques françois blondel 1705 1774 pierre edmé babel 1720 1775 and françois de cuvilliés 1695 1768 176 the embarkation for cythera by jean antoine watteau 1718 oil on canvas 1 29 x 1 94 m schloss charlottenburg 177 zwinger dresden germany by matthäus daniel pöppelmann 1719 178 the salon oval de la princesse of the hôtel de soubise paris 1737 1739 by germain boffrand charles joseph natoire and jean baptiste lemoyne 179 candelabrum by jean joseph de saint germain c 1750 gilt bronze overall 72 4 x 49 3 x 39 7 cm cleveland museum of art cleveland ohio us fire by jean pierre defrance c 1750 1760 limestone height 223 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city pilgrimage church of wies steingaden germany by dominikus and johann baptist zimmermann 1754 180 side table commode en console by bernard ii van risamburgh c 1755 1760 japanese lacquer gilt bronze mounts and sarrancolin marble top height 90 2 cm metropolitan museum of art madame de pompadour by françois boucher 1756 oil on canvas 2 01 x 1 57 m alte pinakothek munich germany 179 coffeepot 1757 silver height 29 5 cm metropolitan museum of art covered tureen terrine du roi by the manufacture nationale de sèvres 1756 soft paste porcelain with enamel and gilt decoration overall 24 2 cm cleveland museum of art the swing by jean honoré fragonard 1767 oil on canvas 81 x 64 cm wallace collection london 179 marie antoinette with the rose by élisabeth vigée le brun 1783 oil on canvas 130 x 87 cm palace of versailles versailles france neoclassicism edit main article neoclassicism oath of the horatii by jacques louis david 1784 oil on canvas louvre 181 inspired by the excavations of the ancient roman cities of pompeii and herculaneum from 1748 a renewed interest in the arts of antiquity occurred neoclassicism dominates western art from the mid to late 18th century until the 1830s embracing order and restraint it developed in reaction to the perceived frivolity hedonism and decadence of rococo and exemplifying the rational thinking of the age of enlightenment aka the age of reason initially the movement was developed not by artists but by enlightenment philosophers they requested replacing rococo with a style of rational art moral and dedicated to the soul 182 this fit well with a perception of classical art as the embodiment of realism restraint and order inspired by ancient greek and roman art the classical history paintings of the french artist nicolas poussin 1594 1665 and the ideas of the german writer anton raphael mengs 1728 1779 and the german archaeologist and art historian johann joachim winckelmann 1717 1768 neoclassicism began in rome but soon spread throughout europe rome had become the main focus of the grand tour by the mid 18th century and aristocratic travellers went there in search of classical visions to recreate on their country estates thus spreading the style across europe particularly in england and france the tour was also an opportunity for collecting classical antiquities neoclassical paintings tended to be populated with figures posed like classical statues or reliefs set in locations filled with archaeological details the style favoured greek art over roman considering it purer and more authentically classical in its aesthetic goal in 1789 france was on the brink of its first revolution and neoclassicism sought to express their patriotic feelings politics and art were closely entwined during this period they believed that art should be serious and valued drawings above painting smooth contours and paint with no discernible brushstrokes were the ultimate aim both painting and sculpture exerted calmness and restraint and focused on heroic themes expressing such noble notions as self sacrifice and nationalism this movement paved the way for romanticism that appeared when the idealism of the revolution faded away and after the napoleonic period came to an e...
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