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lled buggies or bogies and into the cylinder these cylinders are then set under pressure often with the addition of higher temperature as final treatment a vacuum is frequently used to extract excess preservatives these cycles can be repeated to achieve better penetration light organic solvent preservative losp treatments often use a vacuum impregnation process this is possible because of the lower viscosity of the white spirit carrier used full cell process edit in the full cell process the intent is to keep as much of the liquid absorbed into the wood during the pressure period as possible thus leaving the maximum concentration of preservatives in the treated area usually water solutions of preservative salts are employed with this process but it is also possible to impregnate wood with oil the desired retention is achieved by changing the strength of the solution william burnett patented this development in 1838 of full cell impregnation with water solutions the patent covered the use of zinc chloride on water basis also known as burnettizing a full cell process with oil was patented in 1838 by john bethell his patent described the injection of tar and oils into wood by applying pressure in closed cylinders this process is still used today with some improvements fluctuation pressure process edit contrary to the static full cell and empty cell processes the fluctuation process is a dynamic process by this process the pressure inside the impregnation cylinder changes between pressure and vacuum within a few seconds there have been inconsistent claims that through this process it is possible to reverse the pit closure by spruce however the best results that have been achieved with this process by spruce do not exceed a penetration deeper than 10 mm 0 39 in specialized equipment is necessary and therefore higher investment costs are incurred boucherie process edit developed by dr boucherie of france in 1838 this approach consisted of attaching a bag or container of preservative solution to a standing or a freshly cut tree with bark branches and leaves still attached thereby injecting the liquid into the sap stream through transpiration of moisture from the leaves the preservative is drawn upward through the sapwood of the tree trunk the modified boucherie process consists of placing freshly cut unpeeled timbers onto declining skids with the stump slightly elevated then fastening watertight covering caps or boring a number of holes into the ends and inserting a solution of copper sulfate or other waterborne preservative into the caps or holes from an elevated container preservative oils tend to not penetrate satisfactorily by this method the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid forces the preservative lengthwise into and through the sapwood thus pushing the sap out of the other end of the timber after a few days the sapwood is completely impregnated unfortunately little or no penetration takes place in the heartwood only green wood can be treated in this manner this process has found considerable usage to impregnate poles and also larger trees in europe and north america and has experienced a revival of usage to impregnate bamboo in countries such as costa rica bangladesh india and the state of hawaii high pressure sap displacement system edit developed in the philippines this method abbreviated hpsd consists of a cylinder pressure cap made from a 3 mm thick mild steel plate secured with 8 sets of bolts a 2 hp diesel engine and a pressure regulator with 1 4 14 kg m 2 capacity the cap is placed over the stump of a pole tree or bamboo and the preservative is forced into the wood with pressure from the engine incising edit first tested and patented in 1911 and 1912 this process consists of making shallow slit like holes in the surfaces of material to be treated so that deeper and more uniform penetration of preservative may be obtained incisions made in sawed material usually are parallel with the grain of the wood this process is common in north america since the 1950s where douglas fir products and pole butts of various species are prepared before treatment it is most useful for woods that are resistant to side penetration but allow preservative transport along the grain in the region in which it is produced it is common practice to incise all sawed douglas fir 3 in 76 mm or more in thickness before treatment unfortunately the impregnation of spruce the most important structural timber in large areas in europe has shown that unsatisfactory treatment depths have been achieved with impregnation the maximum penetration of 2 mm 0 079 in is not sufficient to protect wood in weathered positions the present day incising machines consist essentially of four revolving drums fitted with teeth or needles or with lasers that burn the incisions into the wood preservatives can be spread along the grain up to 20 mm 0 79 in in radial and up to 2 mm 0 079 in in tangential and radial direction in north america where smaller timber dimensions are common incision depths of 4 to 6 mm 0 16 to 0 24 in have become standard in europe where larger dimensions are widespread incision depths of 10 to 12 mm 0 39 to 0 47 in are necessary the incisions are visible and often considered to be wood error incisions by laser are significantly smaller than those of spokes or needles the costs for each process type are approximately for spoke conventional all round incising 0 50 m 2 by laser incising 3 60 m 2 and by needle incision 1 00 m 2 figures originate from the year 1998 and may vary from present day prices the process of incising was heavily modernised by walford timber at its manufacturing site in ross on wye in the uk the timber merchant 51 has been trading since 1945 and developed an incising machine which was then adopted by the wider industry microwaving edit an alternative increases the permeability of timber using microwave technology there is some concern that this method may adversely affect the structural performance of the material research in this area has been conducted by the cooperative research centre at the university of melbourne australia charring edit charring of timber results in surfaces which are fire resistant insect resistant and proof against weathering wood surfaces are ignited using a hand held burner or moved slowly across a fire the charred surface is then cleaned using a steel brush to remove loose bits and to expose the grain oil or varnish may be applied if required 52 charring wood with a red hot iron is a traditional method in japan where it is called yakisugi or shō sugi ban literally fire cypress see also edit conservation and restoration of waterlogged wood heavy metals leaky homes crisis in new zealand nanotoxicology impregnation resin saw dust yakisugi references edit richardson b a wood preservation landcaster the construction 1978 questions answers on cca treated wood sealant studies interim results pesticides epa archived from the original on sep 6 2015 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