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48 7 9 3 58 4 14 7 66 1 18 9 75 7 24 3 86 7 30 4 89 7 32 1 86 7 30 4 80 0 26 7 67 8 19 9 54 6 12 6 43 5 6 4 66 7 19 3 daily mean f c 27 9 2 3 33 4 0 8 40 5 4 7 47 6 8 7 56 5 13 6 66 8 19 3 72 5 22 5 69 8 21 0 62 0 16 7 49 3 9 6 37 3 2 9 28 1 2 2 49 3 9 6 mean daily minimum f c 12 8 10 7 18 1 7 7 22 5 5 3 29 0 1 7 37 3 2 9 46 9 8 3 55 3 12 9 52 9 11 6 44 0 6 7 30 9 0 6 19 9 6 7 12 8 10 7 31 9 0 1 record low f c 37 38 26 32 17 27 1 17 10 12 25 4 33 1 28 2 19 7 2 17 35 37 38 39 38 39 average precipitation inches mm 0 53 13 0 58 15 0 45 11 0 51 13 0 55 14 0 41 10 1 43 36 1 31 33 1 14 29 0 71 18 0 60 15 0 71 18 8 93 225 average snowfall inches cm 2 7 6 9 2 7 6 9 1 3 3 3 0 7 1 8 0 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 76 1 6 4 1 1 8 4 6 11 2 28 61 average precipitation days 0 01 in 4 2 4 5 3 6 3 6 4 3 2 9 8 4 8 6 6 0 5 1 3 8 4 8 59 8 average snowy days 0 1 in 2 4 1 5 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 2 3 8 5 source 1 noaa 80 source 2 xmacis2 81 flora and fauna edit chacoan flora typifies that of north american high deserts sagebrush and several species of cactus are interspersed with dry scrub forests of piñon and juniper the latter primarily on the mesa tops the canyon is far drier than other parts of new mexico located at similar latitudes and elevations and it lacks the temperate coniferous forests plentiful to the east the prevailing sparseness of plants and wildlife was echoed in ancient times when overpopulation expanding cultivation overhunting habitat destruction and drought may have led the chacoans to strip the canyon of wild plants and game 82 it has been suggested that even during wet periods the canyon was able to sustain only 2 000 people 83 among chacoan mammals are the plentiful coyote canis latrans mule deer elk and pronghorn also live within the canyon although they are rarely encountered by visitors important smaller carnivores include bobcats badgers foxes and two species of skunk the park hosts abundant populations of rodents including several prairie dog towns small colonies of bats are present during the summer the local shortage of water means that relatively few bird species are present these include roadrunners large hawks such as cooper s hawks and american kestrels owls vultures and ravens although they are less abundant in the canyon than in the wetter mountain ranges to the east sizeable populations of smaller birds including warblers sparrows and house finches are also common three species of hummingbirds are present one is the tiny but highly pugnacious rufous hummingbird which competes intensely with the more mild tempered black chinned hummingbirds for breeding habitat in shrubs or trees located near water prairie rattlesnakes are occasionally seen in the backcountry although skinks and various other lizards are far more abundant citation needed management edit major chacoan sites within park margins aerial park overview chaco culture national historical park is managed by the national park service a federal agency within the department of the interior neighboring federal lands hosting chacoan roads are controlled by the bureau of land management in the 2002 03 fiscal year the park s total annual operating budget was 1 434 million 84 the park has a visitor center featuring the chaco collection museum which has not been open to the public since its completion in 2017 85 86 an information desk a theater a book store an observatory 87 88 and a gift shop visits to the chaco collection at the hibben center on the university of new mexico albuquerque campus can be arranged by appointment 89 until the 1980s archeological excavations within current park boundaries were intensive compound walls were dismantled or demolished and thousands of artifacts were extracted starting in 1981 a new approach informed by traditional hopi and pueblo beliefs stopped such intrusions remote sensing anthropological study of indian oral traditions and dendrochronology dubious discuss which left chacoan relics undisturbed were pursued in 1991 the chaco american indian consultation committee was established to give navajo hopi pueblo and other indian representatives a voice in park oversight 6 current park policy mandates partial restoration of excavated sites backfilling or re burying excavated sites with sand is one such means 6 other measures attempt to safeguard the area s ancient ambience and mystique such as the chaco night sky program which seeks to eliminate the effect of light pollution on the park s acclaimed night skies 90 under the program some 14 000 visitors make use of the chaco observatory inaugurated in 1998 park telescopes and astronomy related programs 6 the park was named a gold tier dark sky park by the international dark sky association in 2013 91 chacoan relics outside the current park s boundaries have been threatened by development an example was the proposed competitive leasing of federal lands in the san juan basin for surface coal mining beginning in 1983 as ample coal deposits abut the park this strip mining threatened the web of ancient chacoan roads the year long chaco roads project thus documented the roads which were later protected from mining 92 as archaeological significance extends beyond the park s boundaries the united states department of the interior intends to withdraw a 10 mile buffer zone around the park from development 93 gallery edit chaco prehistoric stairway chaco national cultural historic park new mexico chaco kiva detail chaco culture national historic park new mexico chaco interior wall showing log and stone construction chaco cultural historic park new mexico early graffiti chaco culture national historic park new mexico chaco pictograph chaco culture historical park new mexico pueblo bonito from far away see also edit national register of historic places portal oasisamerica ah shi sle pah wilderness study area bisti de na zin wilderness kasha katuwe tent rocks national monument bryce canyon national park list of archaeoastronomical sites by country list of the oldest buildings in new mexico national register of historic places listings in mckinley county new mexico notes edit the question of how to date chacoan ruins was tackled by a e douglass the earliest practitioner of dendrochronology consequently the developmental chronology of chaco canyon s ruins is now the world s most extensively researched and accurate 3 the crab nebula now a supernova remnant in the constellation of taurus was the result of the event in question the original supernova attained peak brilliance on the date that the chacoans presumably sighted it 47 references edit national register information system national register of historic places national park service july 9 2010 1 2 strutin 1994 p 6 fagan 2005 pp 50 55 1 2 fagan 2005 p 35 1 2 fagan 2005 p 198 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 national park service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 sofaer dibble 1999 foundation document chaco canyon culture national park pdf us national park service august 2015 p 8 ongoing cultural connections fagan 1998 pp 177 182 1 2 3 4 5 6 sofaer 1997 1 2 3 trail of the ancients archived august 21 2014 at the wayback machine new mexico tourism department retrieved august 14 2014 stuart 2000 pp 14 17 stuart 2000 p 43 pinotti thomas adler michael april 30 2025 picuris pueblo oral history and genomics reveal continuity in us southwest nature doi 10 1038 s41586 025 08791 9 hdl 2108 419823 pmc 12137115 pmid 40307544 retrieved may 4 2025 dunham will may 1 2024 dna links modern picuris pueblo tribe to ancient new mexico site reuters retrieved may 4 2025 fagan 2005 pp 18 19 noble 2000 p 120 fagan 2005 p 20 kennett douglas j plog stephen george richard j culleton brendan j watson adam s skoglund pontus rohland nadin mallick swapan stewardson kristin 2017 archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty nature communications 8 14115 bibcode 2017natco 814115k doi 10 1038 ncomms14115 pmc 5321759 pmid 28221340 fagan 2005 p 126 fagan 2005 pp 55 57 diamond 2005 pp 136 156 noble 1984 p 11 noble 1984 pp 57 58 english et al 2001 leblanc 1999 p 166 leblanc 1999 p 180 1 2 strutin 1994 p 57 tainter joseph a 1988 the collapse of complex societies cambridge cambridgeshire cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 38673 9 strutin 1994 p 60 strutin 1994 pp 57 59 reed 2004 p 16 brugge hayes judge 1988 p 4 strutin 1994 pp 12 17 brugge hayes judge 1988 p 7 fagan 2005 p 32 strutin 1994 pp 18 19 1 2 fagan 2005 p 165 fagan 2005 p 33 1 2 elliott 1995 1 2 strutin 1994 p 32 1 2 fagan 2005 p 6 strutin 1994 p 26 fagan 2005 p 11 fagan 2005 pp 10 11 fagan 2005 p 21 kelley milone 2004 p 413 1 2 fagan 2005 p 26 fagan 2005 p 98 frazier 2005 p 101 fagan 2005 pp 6 7 fagan 2005 p 208 casamero pueblo archived 2014 08 19 at the wayback machine bureau of land management retrieved august 15 2014 fagan 2005 pp 119 121 reynolds et al 2005 p 1062 reynolds et al 2005 p 1073 1 2 chaco technology archived 2010 07 06 at the wayback machine at nps the turquoise trail by eric a powell abstract archaeology magazine volume 58 number 1 january february 2005 mathien frances joan 2001 the organization of turquoise production and consumption by the prehistoric chacoans american antiquity 66 1 103 118 doi 10 2307 2694320 jstor 2694320 s2cid 161192386 castro joseph april 10 2014 massive turquoise trade network of ancient pueblos revealed scientific american archived from the original on april 19 2023 retrieved april 19 2023 hull sharon fayek mostafa mathien f joan roberts heidi may 2014 turquoise trade of the ancestral puebloan chaco and beyond journal of archaeological science 45 187 195 bibcode 2014jarsc 45 187h doi 10 1016 j jas 2014 02 016 fagan 2005 p 204 fagan 2005 pp 202 208 fagan 1998 p 178 noble 1984 pp 52 53 strutin 1994 p 35 chaco 1054 supernova petrograph archived 2013 12 19 at the wayback machine at national center for atmospheric research 1 2 magli 2009 pp 137 139 frazier 2005 p 198 frazier 2005 pp 198 199 frazier 2005 p 221 fagan 2005 p 5 fagan 2005 p 43 1 2 hopkins 2003 p 240 1 2 fagan 2005 p 47 fagan 2005 pp 46 47 fagan 2005 p 44 1 2 fagan 2005 p 45 frazier 2005 p 181 u s climate normals quick access station chaco canyon natl mon nm national oceanic and atmospheric administration retrieved july 11 2026 xmacis2 national oceanic and atmospheric administration retrieved july 11 2026 fagan 2005 p 222 fagan 1998 p 177 national park service 2005 povolny bonnie january 10 2018 chaco canyon exhibit on indefinite hold cultural property news archived from the original on september 24 2023 retrieved april 19 2023 barker larry july 24 2019 chaco canyon 3 000 000 government project bungled krqe news 13 archived from the original on january 17 2024 retrieved april 19 2023 find epic stargazing at new mexico s machu picchu national geographic march 25 2019 archived from the original on february 19 2021 retrieved april 19 2023 chaco night sky program national park service archived from the original on january 17 2024 retrieved april 19 2023 collections chaco culture national historical park u s national park service www nps gov archived from the original on january 17 2024 retrieved april 19 2023 chaco culture national historical park international dark sky park application pdf national park service july 2013 archived from the original pdf on january 31 2015 retrieved january 9 2015 new mexican skies protected with dark sky park designation press release pdf international dark sky association august 28 2013 archived from the original pdf on january 31 2015 retrieved january 9 2015 frazier 2005 pp 120 121 bryan susan montoya november 16 2021 chaco canyon gets temporary protections as officials consider 20 year development ban usa today archived from the original on january 15 2022 retrieved january 10 2022 bibliography edit english n b betancourt j dean j s quade j 2001 strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in chaco canyon new mexico proceedings of the national academy of sciences 98 21 11891 96 bibcode 2001pnas 9811891e doi 10 1073 pnas 211305498 pmc 59738 pmid 11572943 brugge d m hayes a judge w j 1988 archeological surveys of chaco canyon new mexico university of new mexico press published february 1988 isbn 978 0826310293 diamond j 2005 collapse how societies choose to fail or succeed 1st ed viking published december 29 2004 isbn 978 0670033379 elliott m 1995 great excavations tales of early southwestern archaeology 1888 1939 1st ed school of american research press published august 15 1995 isbn 978 0933452435 fagan b m 2005 chaco canyon archaeologists explore the lives of an ancient society oxford university press published may 1 2005 isbn 978 0195170436 fagan b m 1998 from black land to fifth sun the science of sacred sites basic books published april 9 1999 isbn 978 0738201412 frazier k 2005 people of chaco a canyon and its culture norton isbn 978 0393318258 hopkins r l 2003 hiking the southwest s geology four corners region mountaineers books published january 15 2003 isbn 978 0898868562 kelley d h milone e f 2004 exploring ancient skies an encyclopedic survey of archaeoastronomy 1st ed springer published november 19 2004 isbn 978 0387953106 leblanc s a 1999 prehistoric warfare in the american southwest 1st ed salt lake city university of utah press published february 9 1999 isbn 978 0874805819 magli giulio 2009 mysteries and discoveries of archaeoastronomy from giza to easter island 1st ed springer published april 28 2009 isbn 978 0 387 76564 8 noble david grant ed 1984 new light on chaco canyon 1st ed school of american research press published august 1984 isbn 978 0 933452 10 7 noble david grant 2000 ancient ruins of the southwest an archaeological guide cooper square publishing published january 1 2000 isbn 978 0 87358 724 2 reed paul f 2004 the puebloan society of chaco canyon greenwood publishing group isbn 978 0 313 32720 9 archived from the original on april 20 2014 retrieved july 15 2012 reynolds a betancourt j quade j patchett p j dean j s stein j 2005 87 sr 86 sr sourcing of ponderosa pine used in anasazi great house construction at chaco canyon new mexico pdf journal of archaeological science 32 7 1061 75 bibcode 2005jarsc 32 1061r doi 10 1016 j jas 2005 01 016 archived from the original pdf on march 26 2009 retrieved august 21 2009 sofaer a 1997 the primary architecture of the chacoan culture a cosmological expression university of new mexico press archived from the original on july 23 2009 retrieved august 21 2009 sofaer a dibble m 1999 the mystery of chaco canyon the solstice project bullfrog films retrieved june 15 2011 strutin m 1994 chaco a cultural legacy southwest parks and monuments association published june 1994 isbn 978 1877856457 photography by george h h huey stuart d e 2000 anasazi america university of new mexico press published may 1 2000 isbn 978 0826321794 research assistance by susan moczygemba mckinsey sources edit united states world heritage periodic report chaco culture national historical park 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