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minence with the 1900 exposition universelle in paris developing almost simultaneously in parts of europe and the us it was an attempt to create a unique and modern form of expression that evoked the spirit of the new century it manifested in painting illustration sculpture jewellery metalwork glass ceramics textiles graphic design furniture architecture costume design and fashion art nouveau artists aimed to raise the status of craft and design to the level of fine art the movement is highly associated with sinuous organic forms such as flowers vines and leaves but also insects and animals through the works of artists like alphonse mucha victor horta hector guimard antoni gaudí rené lalique otto eckmann or émile gallé art nouveau designs and buildings can often be asymmetrical although there are identifying characteristics the style also displayed many regional and national interpretations despite being a short lived fashion it paved the way for the modern architecture and design of the 20th century it was the first architectural style without historic precedent the 19th century being notorious for a practice known as historicism which is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous artistic era between c 1870 and 1900 a crisis of historicism occurred during which the historicist culture was critiqued one of the voices being friedrich nietzsche in 1874 who diagnosed a malignant historical fervour as one of the crippling symptoms of a modern culture burdened by archaeological study and faith in the laws of historical progression despite this art nouveau was also heavily influenced by styles from the past such as celtic gothic and rococo art and also by the arts and crafts movement aestheticism symbolism and especially by japanese art 253 254 fauvism c 1898 1909 edit main article fauvism fauvism emerged from post impressionism gradually developing into the first major movement of the 20th century its genesis was in 1895 when henri matisse the oldest and central figure entered the studio of gustave moreau at the ecole des beaux arts there he met georges rouault charles camoin henri manguin and albert marquet marquet said as early as 1898 matisse and i were working in what was later to be called the fauve manner the first exhibitions at the indepéndants in which we were i believe the only ones to paint in pure tones go back to 1901 255 by 1902 03 the circle of like minded artist had grown to include georges braque andré derain raoul dufy othon friesz jean metzinger jean puy louis valtat kees van dongen and maurice de vlaminck during this period a number of influential retrospective exhibitions were held in paris seurat 1900 1905 van gogh 1901 1905 toulouse lautrec 1902 gauguin 1906 cézanne 1907 all relatively unknown to the public at that time matisse and derain collected african carvings a novel but growing curiosity of the time matisse spent the summer of 1904 in saint tropez painting with the neo impressionist paul signac and henri edmond cross followed in 1905 by camoin manguin and marquet the artists exhibited regularity at the salon des indepéndants and the salon d automne 1903 1908 and in 1905 their work created a sensation and a scandal matisse stated we were exhibiting at the salon d automne derain manguin marquet puy and a few others were hung together in one of the larger galleries in the center of this room the sculptor marque exhibited a bust of a child very much in the italian style vauxcelles art critic for gil blas entered the room and said well well donatello in the mist of wild beasts donatello chez les fauves 256 the movement had not been perceived as an entity by the public but once published the name stuck unlike the impressionist and their long struggle for acceptance the avant garde had an eager audience by 1906 1907 and the fauvist were attracting collectors from america to russia however fauvism largely dissolved in 1908 as cubism appeared most of the artist began exploring other styles and moving in different directions only matisse and dufy continued to explore fauvism into the 1950s 255 257 258 259 260 the fauvist painted landscapes en plein air interiors figures and still lifes following examples of realism impressionism and post impressionism they applied paint with loose brushstrokes in thick unnatural often contrasting vibrant colors at times straight from the tube gauguin s influence with his exploration of the expressive values and spatial aspects of patterning with flat pure colors as well as his interest in primitivism were significant as was neo impressionism matisse explained for a long time color served as a complement of design the painters of the renaissance constructed the picture by line adding local color afterwards writing from delacroix to van gogh and chiefly to gauguin by way of the impressionist who cleared the ground and cézanne who gave the final impulse and introduced colored volumes we can follow this rehabilitation of color s function this restoration of its emotive power 255 fauvism was the culmination in a shift from drawing and line as the fundamental foundations of design in painting to color and they depicted their subjects on the verge of abstraction 255 257 258 259 260 woman with a hat by henri matisse 1905 oil on canvas 80 7 x 59 7 cm san francisco museum of modern art san francisco us 261 fauve landscape by louis valtat 1905 1906 oil on canvas speed art museum louisville kentucky us charing cross bridge london by andré derain 1906 oil on canvas 80 3 100 3 cm national gallery of art washington d c us la ciotat by othon friesz 1907 oil on canvas 65 7 by 81 cm unknown collection expressionism c 1905 1930 edit main article expressionism street berlin by ernst ludwig kirchner 1913 oil on canvas 1 21 x 0 91 m museum of modern art new york city 262 expressionism was an international movement in painting sculpture the graphic arts poetry literature theater film and architecture some associate the second viennese school and other music of the period with the movement most historians place the beginning of expressionism in 1905 with the founding of die brücke the bridge in dresden germany however several artists were producing influential work in the spirit of expressionism c 1885 1905 including lovis corinth james ensor käthe kollwitz paula modersohn becker edvard munch emil nolde and christian rohlfs among others many of these artists later exhibited and associated with various expressionist groups expressionist painting is characterized by loose spontaneous often thick impasto brushwork it often conveyed how the artist felt about their subject opposed to what it looked like putting intuition and gut feelings over realistic representations or art theories expressionism was frequently infused with an angst or joy and an overall engagement with contemporary life and social issues that was often absent from fauvism s focus on design and color applied to neutral subjects woodcut prints are particularly noteworthy in expressionism expressionism can sometimes overlap and integrate with other styles and movements such as symbolism fauvism cubism futurism abstraction and dada several groups and factions of expressionists appeared at various times and places 218 247 263 264 die brücke aspired to connect all revolutionary and surging elements 263 it was founded by four architectural students ernst ludwig kirchner erich heckel karl schmidt rottluff and fritz bleyl sharing a studio in dresden they produced paintings carvings prints and organized exhibitions separating in the summer to work independently their first exhibit was in 1905 later joined by emil nolde and max pechstein in 1906 and otto mueller in 1910 among others influences included gothic art primitivism art nouveau and developments in paris particularly van gogh and fauvism the group shifted to berlin in 1911 and later dissolved in 1913 der blaue reiter the blue rider 1911 1914 founded by wassily kandinsky and franz marc was a relatively informal group that organized exhibitions of art from paris and europe as well their own it was one in a series of increasingly progressive groups splitting from the art academy in munich including the munich secession in 1892 realist and impressionist phalanx in 1901 postimpressionist neue kunstler vereiningung in 1909 and the blue rider in 1911 artist associated with the latter two groups included the burliuk brothers heinrich campendonk alexej von jawlensky paul klee august macke gabriele münter and marianne von werefkin the euphonious almanac der blaue reiter a collection of influential essays and kandinsky s concerning the spiritual in art with his ideas on non objective art were both published in 1912 the blue rider ended with the outbreak of world war i in which macke and marc both died 218 247 265 263 264 other artists such as oskar kokoschka egon schiele and richard gerstl emerged in austria french artist georges rouault and chaïm soutine had affinities with the movement sculptors include ernst barlach wilhelm lehmbruck gerhard marcks and william wauer architects associated with expressionism include max berg hermann finsterlin johann friedrich höger michel de klerk erich mendelsohn hans poelzig hans scharoun rudolf steiner and bruno taut der sturm the storm 1910 1932 was a magazine with much expressionist content founded by herwarth walden with an associated gallery in berlin opened in 1912 and a theater company and school opened in 1918 films regarded as expressionistic some considered as classics include the cabinet of dr caligari robert wiene 1920 nosferatu f w murnau 1922 and metropolis fritz lang 1927 218 247 265 263 264 after world war i a tendency to withdraw from the avant garde by many artist occurred seen in the work of the original fauvists during the 1920s picasso and stravinsky s neoclassical periods and de chirico s late work this tendency was called new objectivity ca 1919 1933 in germany and in contrast to the nostalgic nature of this work elsewhere it was characterized by disillusionment and ruthless social criticisms new objectivity artists mostly emerged from expressionist and dada milieus including otto dix christian schad rudolf schlichter georg scholz and jeanne mammen max beckmann and george grosz also had some association with new objectivity for a period although not intrinsically expressionistic the staatliches bauhaus school of building 1919 1933 was an influential german school merging crafts decorative and fine arts moving from weimar to dessau to berlin it changed and evolved in focus with time directors included architects walter gropius 1919 1928 hannes meyer 1928 1930 and ludwig mies van der rohe 1930 1933 at various points the faculty included josef albers theo van doesburg lyonel feininger johannes itten paul klee wassily kandinsky el lissitzky gerhard marcks lászló moholy nagy oskar schlemmer bauhaus architects greatly influenced the international style which was characterized by simplified forms a lack of ornamentation a union of design and function and the idea that mass production could be compatible with personal artistic vision as the nazi party rose to power modern art was dubbed degenerate art and the bauhaus was closed in 1933 subduing modernism in germany for several years 218 247 265 263 264 the scream by edvard munch 1893 tempera and crayon on cardboard 91 x 73 5 cm national gallery of norway oslo 266 tower of blue horses by franz marc 1912 ink and guache on card 14 3 x 9 4 cm bavarian state painting collections munich germany 262 composition vii by wassily kandinsky 1913 oil on canvas 2 x 3 m tretyakov gallery moscow russia 267 the einstein tower potsdam near berlin germany 1920 1924 by erich mendelsohn 268 actor s mask by paul klee 1924 oil on canvas mounted on board 36 7 x 33 8 cm museum of modern art new york city 269 cubism c 1907 1914 edit main article cubism cubism consisted in the rejection of perspective which leads to a new organisation of space where viewpoints multiply producing a fragmentation of the object that renders the predilection for form over the content of the representation obvious pablo picasso georges braque and other cubist artists were inspired by the sculptures of iberia africa and oceania exhibited in the louvre and the ethnographic museum in the trocadéro and which were being offered at flee markets and in sale rooms a picasso studies an object the way a surgeon dissects a corpse wrote the critic and poet guillaume apollinaire in 1913 five years earlier pablo picasso and georges braque friends colleagues and rivals had begun to reject perspectival realism for a form of artistic autopsy an utterly revolutionary painting style that looked inside and around objects presenting them analytically objectively and completely impersonally 270 les demoiselles d avignon by pablo picasso 1907 oil on canvas 2 43 2 3 m museum of modern art 270 violin and pitcher by georges braque 1909 1910 oil on canvas 1 17 x 0 73 cm kunstmuseum basel basel switzerland 270 the eiffel tower by robert delaunay 1911 oil on canvas 2 02 x 1 38 m solomon r guggenheim museum new york city 271 breakfast by juan gris 1914 gouache oil and crayon on cut and pasted printed paper on canvas 80 9 x 59 7 cm museum of modern art new york city 271 art deco c 1920 1940 edit main article art deco art deco appeared in france as a style of luxury and modernity soon it spread quickly throughout the world most dramatically in america becoming more streamlined through the 1930s the style was named after the international exhibition of modern decorative and industrial arts held in paris in 1925 its exuberance and fantasy captured the spirit of the roaring 20s and provided an escape from the realities of the great depression during the 1930s it had ancient greek roman african aztec and japanese influences but also futurist cubist and bauhaus ones it sometimes blended with the egyptian revival style due to the discovery in 1922 of the tomb of tutankhamun and the egyptomania that it caused two examples of this are le louxor cinema in paris 1919 1921 by henri zipcy and the egyptian theatre in dekalb illinois us 1929 1930 by elmer f behrns in decorative arts including architecture low relief designs and angular patterns and shapes were used predominant materials include chrome brass polished steel and aluminum inlaid wood stone and stained glass some of the most important art deco artists are the paris based polish painter tamara de lempicka the ukrainian born french poster artist adolphe jean marie mouron known as cassandre and the french furniture designer and interior decorator émile jacques ruhlmann 272 273 surrealism c 1924 1966 edit surrealism emerged as a faction of dada formally announcing its inception in 1924 with andré breton s manifesto of surrealism 274 originally a literary group of poets and writers in paris it soon developed into an international movement that included painters sculptors 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