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tion 4 influences of the human voice 5 voice disorders 6 vocal cord nodules and polyps 7 see also 8 references 9 further reading 10 external links toggle the table of contents human voice 80 languages afrikaans العربية azərbaycanca bikol central bajau sama беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা català کوردی čeština cymraeg deutsch ελληνικά español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro français frysk gaeilge galego עברית हिन्दी kreyòl ayisyen հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa tyap қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر кыргызча latina lingála lietuvių latviešu malagasy bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ nāhuatl nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski português runa simi română armãneashti русский scots simple english slovenčina chishona shqip српски srpski svenska тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia sound made by a human being using the vocal tract vocal and voice redirect here for the pet shop boys song see vocal song for other uses see human voice disambiguation the spectrogram of the human voice reveals its rich harmonic content the audio that is represented in the above spectrogram a woman says it s all greek to me using her voice the human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract including talking singing laughing crying screaming shouting humming or yelling the human voice is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds vocal cords are the primary sound source other sound production mechanisms produced from the same general area of the body involve the production of unvoiced consonants clicks whistling and whispering generally speaking the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts the lungs the vocal folds within the larynx voice box and the articulators the lungs the pump must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds the vocal folds vocal cords then vibrate to use airflow from the lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source 1 the muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to fine tune pitch and tone the articulators the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of tongue palate cheek lips etc articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with the laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source the vocal folds in combination with the articulators are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound 2 3 4 the tone of voice may be modulated to suggest emotions such as anger surprise fear happiness or sadness the human voice is used to express emotion 5 and can also reveal the age and sex of the speaker 6 7 8 singers use the human voice as an instrument for creating music 9 voice types and the folds cords themselves edit main articles vocal folds and voice types a labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold reflecting the male female differences in larynx size adult male voices are usually lower pitched and have larger folds the male vocal folds which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length 10 the female vocal folds are between 12 5 mm and 17 5 mm in length the folds are within the larynx they are attached at the back side nearest the spinal cord to the arytenoids cartilages and at the front side under the chin to the thyroid cartilage they have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the breathing tube the illustration is out of date and does not show this well while their inner edges or margins are free to vibrate the hole they have a three layer construction of an epithelium vocal ligament then muscle vocalis muscle which can shorten and bulge the folds they are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color above both sides of the vocal cord is the vestibular fold or false vocal cord which has a small sac between its two folds the difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices there is also genetic variation amongst the same sex with men s and women s singing voices being categorized into types for example among men there are bass bass baritone baritone baritenor tenor and countertenor ranging from e 2 to e 5 and higher and among women contralto alto mezzo soprano and soprano ranging from f 3 to c 6 and higher there are additional categories for operatic voices see voice type this is not the only source of difference between male and female voice men generally speaking have a larger vocal tract which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower sounding timbre this is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves voice modulation in spoken language edit human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner the most important communicative or phonetic parameters are the voice pitch determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds and the degree of separation of the vocal folds referred to as vocal fold adduction coming together or abduction separating 11 the ability to vary the ab adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component since vocal fold adduction has a life preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis consequently the muscles that control this action are among the fastest in the body 11 children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as apa having an abductory adductory gesture for the p as aba having no abductory adductory gesture 11 they can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them if an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop or not start if the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound the sound will be called voiceless however voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating this anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound and not simply the presence or absence of voice periodic energy 12 an adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces thus a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as a glottal stop even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop 12 other aspects of the voice such as variations in the regularity of vibration are also used for communication and are important for the trained voice user to master but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language physiology and vocal timbre edit the sound of each individual s voice is thought to be entirely unique 13 not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual s vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person s body especially the vocal tract and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated it is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers humans have vocal folds that can loosen tighten or change their thickness and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures the shape of chest and neck the position of the tongue and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered any one of these actions results in a change in pitch volume timbre or tone of the sound produced sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individual s size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract this is known as vocal resonation another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds these different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of vocal registers 14 the primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the singer s formant which has been shown to be a resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer s voice to carry better over musical accompaniment 15 16 vocal registration edit vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice a register in the human voice is a particular series of tones produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds and possessing the same quality registers originate in laryngeal functioning they occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns 17 each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular vocal range of pitches and produces certain characteristic sounds 18 the occurrence of registers has also been attributed to effects of the acoustic interaction between the vocal fold oscillation and the vocal tract 19 the term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice the term register can be used to refer to any of the following 20 a particular part of the vocal range such as the upper middle or lower registers a resonance area such as chest voice or head voice a phonatory process a certain vocal timbre a region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting in linguistics a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system within speech pathology the term vocal register has three constituent elements a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds a certain series of pitches and a certain type of sound speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function the vocal fry register the modal register the falsetto register and the whistle register this view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists 20 vocal resonation edit main article vocal resonation vocal resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and or intensity by the air filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air various terms related to the resonation process include amplification enrichment enlargement improvement intensification and prolongation although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them the main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is or should be to make a better sound 20 there are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators in sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest these areas are the chest the tracheal tree the larynx itself the pharynx the oral cavity the nasal cavity and the sinuses 21 influences of the human voice edit main articles voice projection and evolution the twelve tone musical scale upon which a large portion of all music western popular music in particular is based may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of evolution according to a 2021 study published in the journal of neuroscience analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve tone scale 22 voice disorders edit main articles vocal loading and voice disorders there are many disorders that affect the human voice these include speech impediments and growths and lesions on the vocal folds talking improperly for long periods of time causes vocal loading which is stress inflicted on the speech organs when vocal injury is done often an ent specialist may be able to help but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production 23 voice therapy is generally delivered by a speech language pathologist vocal cord nodules and polyps edit vocal nodules are caused over time by repeated abuse of the vocal cords which results in soft swollen spots on each vocal cord 24 these spots develop into harder callous like growths called nodules the longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become most polyps are larger than nodules and may be called by other names such as polypoid degeneration or reinke s edema polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal irritation after the removal may then lead to nodules if additional irritation persists speech language therapy teaches the patient how to eliminate the irritations permanently through habit changes and vocal hygiene hoarseness or breathiness that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of an underlying voice disorder such as nodes or polyps and should be investigated medically 25 see also edit accent sociolinguistics acoustic phonetics belt music histology of the vocal cords intelligibility communication list of voice actors lombard effect manner of articulation paralanguage nonverbal voice cues in communication phonation phonetics puberphonia speaker recognition speaker verification speech synthesis vocal rest vocal warm up vocology voice phonetics a property of speech sounds especially consonants voice analysis voice change voice disorders voice frequency voice organ voice pedagogy voice risk analysis voice synthesis voice therapy voice vote voicing music a representation of a chord world voice day references edit about the voice lionsvoiceclinic umn edu retrieved 8 february 2018 stevens k n 2000 acoustic phonetics mit press isbn 0 262 69250 3 978 0 262 69250 2 titze i r 1994 principles of voice production prentice hall currently published by ncvs org isbn 978 0 13 717893 3 titze i r 2006 the myoelatic aerodynamic theory of phonation iowa city national center for voice and speec...
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