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rusted with the task of attacking the afghans whilst assembling an army en route however the lack of funds greatly hindered his expedition rather than using money from his own treasury soltan hoseyn forced the merchants in isfahan and new jolfa to give a combined amount of 14 000 tomans the expedition eventually fell apart when zaman khan died near herat in the spring of 1712 20 he was succeeded by mansur khan shahsevan whose expedition also ended in failure he left isfahan in september 1713 with fifty troops and more or less without any funds meanwhile sultan husayn had forced his courtiers to lend him money to construct a new maydan town square in farahabad during the summer of 1713 500 soldiers were marching towards the east with no funds and horses and equipped with sticks mahd ali khan who governed farah was unable to march towards with his 1 500 soldiers towards mirwais due to lack of funds many of his soldiers had deserted and made the countryside dangerous causing the locals more trouble than the afghans meanwhile the local militia of marv had revolted due to the lack of pay and a force of 8 000 turkmens were marching towards mashhad 20 the afghan capture of isfahan edit view of isfahan illustrated by cornelis de bruijn in 1703 3 following the death of mirwais in 1715 the iranians failed in their efforts to appease the afghans through compromises as mirwais s son and later successor mahmud hotak r 1717 1725 swore to get his revenge against the iranians the afghans advanced into the heartland of iran in 1720 conquering kerman six months later they chose to withdraw but came back the next year causing chaos in the southeast and eastern part of the country nevertheless soltan hosayn continued to use the majority of his time and funds on construction projects 1 mahmud and his army swept westward aiming at the shah s capital of isfahan itself rather than biding his time within the city and resisting a siege in which the small afghan army was unlikely to succeed soltan hoseyn marched out to meet mahmud s force at golnabad 21 here on 8 march the royal army was thoroughly routed and fled back to isfahan in disarray 22 the shah was urged to escape to the provinces to raise more troops but he decided to remain in the capital which was now encircled by the afghans 23 mahmud s siege of isfahan lasted from march to october 1722 lacking artillery he was forced to resort to a long blockade in the hope of starving the iranians into submission 24 soltan hoseyn s command during the siege displayed his customary lack of decisiveness and the loyalty of his provincial governors wavered in the face of such incompetence 25 protests against his rule also broke out within isfahan and the shah s son tahmasp was eventually elevated to the role of co ruler in june tahmasp managed to escape from the city in a bid to raise a relief force in the provinces but little came of this plan 26 starvation and disease finally forced isfahan into submission it is believed that over 80 000 of the inhabitants of the city died during the siege on 23 october soltan hoseyn abdicated and acknowledged mahmud as the new shah of iran 27 captivity and death edit mahmud initially treated soltan hoseyn considerately but as he gradually became mentally unbalanced he began to view the former shah with suspicion 28 in february 1725 believing a rumour that one of soltan hoseyn s sons safi mirza had escaped mahmud ordered the execution of all the other safavid princes who were in his hands with the exception of soltan hoseyn himself when soltan hoseyn tried to stop the massacre he was wounded but his action saved the lives of two of his young children mahmud succumbed to insanity and died on 25 april of the same year 29 mahmud s successor ashraf khan at first treated the deposed shah with sympathy in return soltan hoseyn gave him the hand of one of his daughters in marriage a move which would have increased ashraf s legitimacy in the eyes of his iranian subjects however ashraf was involved in a war with the ottoman empire which contested his claim to the iranian throne in the autumn of 1726 the ottoman governor of baghdad ahmad pasha advanced with his army on isfahan sending an insulting message to ashraf saying that he was coming to restore the legitimate shah to the throne in response ashraf had soltan hoseyn s head cut off and sent it to the ottoman with the message that he expected to give ahmad pasha a fuller reply with the points of his sword and his lance as the iranologist michael axworthy comments in this way shah soltan hoseyn gave in death a sharper answer than he ever gave in life 30 government policies edit religious policy edit a decree farman issued by soltan hoseyn dated march april 1713 14 soltan hoseyn s religiosity is implied through the numerous awqaf charitable endowment under islamic law he gifted he may not have been as intolerant as he commonly is described as implied by his trust in the sunni grand vizier fath ali khan daghestani his interest when visiting to the churches of new jolfa as well as the numerous decrees farman he declared which protected the christian population of iran and allowed missionaries to perform their work soltan hoseyn s reign marked an improvement over his father s regarding the status of european missionaries 1 the clerics who held influence over soltan hoseyn were permitted to pursue their dogmatic plans such as their anti sufi policies and taking action against non shi ites these actions included the forced conversion of zoroastrians turning their temple in isfahan into a mosque exacting jizya poll tax from jews and christians and making it illegal for non shi ites to go outside during rain for fear that they might pollute shi ites in most cases these laws were avoided through bribery or in other occasions through other means such as when maryam begum interceded on the behalf of the armenians of new jolfa 1 nevertheless the progressively intolerant environment caused by these measures decreased the loyalty of the non shi ites towards the safavid government due to increased taxes and endangerment by a law that permitted the family member of an apostate to gain their belongings several wealthy armenians withdrew much of their financial assets and left for the italian cities of venice and rome the anti sunni policies pursued by the government had the most substantial consequences as it alienated the many sunnis of the country most of whom inhabited its frontiers 1 soltan hoseyn also had the tawhid khana sufi assemblies closed 1 foreign policy edit while less involved with the outside world than his predecessors soltan hoseyn was more engaged in foreign policy than that of his father he continued the latter s policy of preserving peaceful relations with the ottoman empire 1 government and administrative policies edit double portrait of a royal bodyguard on the right and a musketeer on the left made in isfahan dated 1684 85 during the reign of soltan hoseyn the structure of the government remained unchanged continuing the same multi constitutional foundations turk tajik b gholam that had existed earlier soltan hoseyn s first grand vizier was the tajik sayyid mohammad taher vahid qazvini 32 who had held the office since 1691 during the reign of shah soleyman 33 mohammad taher vahid as well to a lesser degree the court steward nazer najafqoli khan were the main counselors of soltan hoseyn during his early reign 1 in may 1699 soltan hoseyn dismissed mohammad taher vahid supposedly due to the latter s old age he replaced him with the eshik aqasi bashi mohammad mo men khan shamlu who however was also advanced in age 34 he was in turn replaced in 1707 by shahqoli khan zanganeh son of the sunni kurd shaykh ali khan zanganeh who had also previously served as grand vizier 32 he was succeeded in 1715 by the sunni fath ali khan daghestani whom soltan hoseyn left most of the state affairs to 1 32 the french consul ange garde considered fath ali khan daghestani to be the absolute ruler of the realm who takes care of everything while the king has not the slightest knowledge of what goes on in the country 35 he was succeeded in 1720 by mohammad mo men khan shamlu s son mohammad qoli khan shamlu who remained grand vizier until the fall of isfahan 32 36 the high clerics were notably favoured and regarded by soltan hoseyn particularly maljesi whom he often consulted and entrusted to write texts about religious subjects following majlesi s death in 1699 soltan hoseyn s former tutor khatunabadi succeeded him in that regard 1 the latter was given the most powerful religious office of the country the mullabashi an office first created by soltan hoseyn 37 the courts eunuchs also uninterruptedly increased their influence such as in 1696 when the head of the black eunuchs agha kamal was the most praised subject of soltan hoseyn by 1714 it was the eunuchs who decided who was promoted appointed or discharged during soltan hoseyn s late reign the most prominent influence was exercised by maryam begum 1 there were many who held the post of sepahsalar under soltan hoseyn primarily members of the shamlu and the zanganeh tribes the post of qorchibashi head of the mounted cavalry or royal guards continued to be held by tribal groups also primarily the shamlu and zanganeh 38 the post of qollar aghasi chief of the gholams 39 was held by officers of tribal and georgian gholam origin 32 the post of sadr continued to be held by tajik sayyids 32 the provincial bureaucracy mainly imitated that of the central bureaucracy and was thus controlled by members of leading local tajik families often of sayyid origin 32 due to the indecisiveness of soltan hoseyn the royal council gathered frequently to discuss important and state problems but typically no meaningful choices were made rather than taking responsibility and addressing the internal and foreign dangers to the safety of the state and its population the various groups within the royal council instead attempted to compete with each other threats were once made during a royal council meeting as a result of the hostility between the royal council members previously similar situations would have resulted in the execution of councilors but during this period it only caused damage to their self image 40 building projects edit in isfahan soltan hoseyn ordered the construction of chaharbagh school the largest building to be created since the reign of shah abbas i r 1588 1629 it was located to the east of chaharbagh avenue 41 coinage policy edit coin of soltan hoseyn minted at erivan in 1711 12 under soltan hoseyn the minting of gold coins was reinstituted when he lacked the funds to continue the taxing and fruitless military expeditions against the afghans he started to have gold ashrafi currency minted in 1717 the number of coin mints during the reign of soltan hoseyn heavily decreased the weight of the abbasi currency was reduced a few times from 7 39g between 1694 and 1711 to 6 91g between 1711 and 1717 and then to 5 34g 1717 1722 its weight reached its lowest during the afghan siege of isfahan weighing 4 61g 42 personality and personal life edit portrait of soltan hoseyn in the reizen over moskovie door persie en indie by cornelis de bruijn dated 1703 3 it is currently located in the bibliothèque nationale de france in paris 43 throughout his reign soltan hoseyn became known for his extreme devotion which had blended in with his superstition impressionable personality excessive pursuit of pleasure debauchery and wastefulness all of which have been considered by both contemporary and later writers as elements that played a part in the decline of the country because of his piety he received the nicknames darvish molla and molla husayn and became known as a monarch whose doings were only in line with the sharia law soltan hoseyn demonstrated his devotion by depriving alcohol and female dancers from royal ceremonies however a few months after his enthronement he started drinking reportedly under the influence of maryam begum who also drank despite his religiosity soltan hoseyn kept the openly sunni fath ali khan daghestani as his grand vizier for five years 1 the meek aspect of soltan hoseyn is reported by all eyewitnesses who displayed it as either benevolence and rightfulness or as an absence of determination which played a part in the collapse of the safavid kingdom judasz tadeusz krusinski considers soltan hoseyn to have been less able and resolute than his father and good natured and human who hurt no particular person and by that means hurt all mankind 1 when asked to make a choice soltan hoseyn usually supported the suggestion made by the last person he spoke to often with the words yakhshi dir it is good in turkic he was said to have used that phrase so much that the eunuchs and courtiers nicknamed him after it in secret 44 the iranologist rudi matthee considers soltan hoseyn s use of the phrase a demonstration of his naivety 1 like krusinski abd al hoseyn khatunabadi also portrays soltan hoseyn as kind and against spilling blood contrary to the previous safavid shahs soltan hoseyn did not harm any of his opponents or family members and was also unable to do the same to animals while previous safavid shahs had used death as a type of punishment soltan hoseyn used relinquishment of wealth and financial fines as the highest punishment according to john malcolm writing in 1815 soltan hoseyn did not possess the bloodshed and brutality of his father but that his bigotry proved more destructive to the country than the vices of soleyman soltan hoseyn s kind personality was considered by many of his subjects as a proof of his weakness 1 family and personal life edit soltan hoseyn married numerous times 1 1694 a daughter of vahshatu sultan safi quli khan 2 a daughter of vakhtang v shah nawaz khan ii king of kartli 3 1710 princess khoreshan daughter of kaikhosro king of kartli and commander in chief of the persian army 4 amina begum alias khair un nisa khanum m second ca 1713 amir fath ali bahador khan e qajar quyunlu nai b us sultana daughter of husain quli agha sons prince shahzadeh sultan mahmud mirza b 1697 k 8 february 1725 vali ahad prince shahzadeh sultan safi mirza b 1699 k 8 february 1725 tahmasp ii prince shahzadeh sultan mehr mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan heydar mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan salim mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan soleyman mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan ismail mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan mohammad mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh sultan khalil mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh mohammad baqer mirza k 8 february 1725 prince shahzadeh mohammad ja afar mirza k 8 february 1725 daughters razia begum died 1776 karbala married nader shah in 1730 45 fatima sultan begum died 5 february 1740 mashhad married prince reza qoli mirza eldest son of nader shah 46 maryam begum or khan aqa begum married...
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