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arutani language wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 documentation 2 classification 3 language contact 4 geographic distribution 5 sociolinguistic situation 6 phonology toggle phonology subsection 6 1 consonants 6 2 vowels 6 3 stress 6 4 tone 7 morphology 8 syntax 9 references 10 external links toggle the table of contents arutani language 12 languages asturianu brezhoneg català esperanto español hrvatski հայերեն igbo македонски piemontèis português русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia near extinct indigenous language of brazil and venezuela arutani uruak awake arutani native to brazil venezuela region roraima brazil karum river area bolivar state venezuela ethnicity 20 auaké native speakers 5 6 2020 1 language family language isolate dialects awaké 2 arutani language codes iso 639 3 atx glottolog arut1244 elp arutani arutani is classified as critically endangered by the unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa arutani orotani urutani also known as awake auake auaqué aoaqui oewaku uruak is a nearly extinct language spoken in roraima brazil and in the karum river area of bolivar state venezuela there are only five or six speakers left 2 3 documentation edit arutani is one of the most poorly attested extant languages in south america 4 5 the language is documented solely in a 1911 word list collected by theodor koch grünberg 1928 308 313 6 a 1940 word list by armellada matallana 1942 101 110 7 and a 100 item swadesh list by migliazza 1978 8 there is also an unpublished swadesh list by fèlix cardona i puig from the 1930s 1940s as well as an unpublished 200 item swadesh list by walter coppens from 1970 9 classification edit the language has been classified as a language isolate by most linguists 10 however it has been grouped with neighbouring sapé in a family termed the arutani sape languages this was first proposed by morris swadesh and joseph greenberg but was expanded by terrence kaufman to include nearby máku as well 11 language contact edit marcelo jolkesky 2016 identifies a number of similarities in vocabulary in arutani with the máku sape warao tikuna yuri and tukano language families he ascribes these to language contact between them 12 for instance lexical similarities in arutani with tucanoan languages are mostly cultural loanwords the arutani and tucanoan languages also have completely different pronominal systems and sound correspondences are irregular thus similarities between them can be attributed to contact with eastern tucanoan 12 527 geographic distribution edit čestmír loukotka 1968 reports that it was previously spoken on the southern banks of maracá island in the roraima but later moved to the uraricapara river near the brazil venezuela border 13 traditionally arutani was spoken along the paragua river and uraricaá river in southern venezuela and the northern tip of roraima brazil 2 the remaining speakers of arutani are found in the following ninam villages 2 saúba in brazil 1 speaker born in venezuela who has family in kavaimakén kosoiba in the upper paragua river valley of venezuela 3 speakers kavaimakén in the upper paragua river valley of venezuela 1 speaker colibri in the upper paragua river valley of venezuela 1 speaker reported sociolinguistic situation edit ethnic arutani also speak ninam shirián since they now mostly live in ninam villages 2 phonology edit consonants edit labial alveolar post alv palatal velar glottal nasal m n stop p t k affricate ts fricative s ʃ h approximant j w tap ɾ ʃ has an allophone of ʂ ɲ is an allophone of j 2 ɸ is an allophone of p 14 vowels edit front central back close i u mid e o open a stress edit stres in arutani typically falls on the final syllable though it has also been recorded on the penultimate syllable 2 tone edit arutani lacks lexical tone 2 morphology edit arutani distinguishes inalienable and alienable possession and has an instrumental ergative case for nouns it marks most grammatical categories via suffixes enclitics or particles at the end of clauses however person marking on verbs and possessed nouns is expressed by prefixes instead 2 syntax edit the most common word order in arutani is sv aov 2 references edit arutani at ethnologue 25th ed 2022 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 labrada jorge emilio rosés chacon thiago medina francia 2020 07 31 arutani venezuela and brazil language snapshot language documentation and description 17 0 doi 10 25894 ldd108 issn 2756 1224 arutani endangered languages project retrieved 20 september 2021 hammarström harald 2010 the status of the least documented language families in the world pdf language documentation conservation 4 183 dixon r m w a y aikhenvald 1999 the amazonian languages cambridge language surveys cambridge university press cambridge p 343 koch grunberg theodor 1928 vom roroima zum orinoco ergebnisse einer reise in nordbrasilien und venezuela in den jahren 1911 1913 in german vol 4 berlin dietrich reimer ernest vohsen armellada césareo de and baltazar de matallana 1942 exploración del paragua boletín de la sociedad venezolana de ciencias naturales 53 61 110 migliazza ernest c 1978 maku sape and uruak languages current status and basic lexicon anthropological linguistics 20 3 133 140 coppens walter 2008 los uruak arutani in w coppens m á perera r lizarralde h seijas eds los aborígenes de venezuela volume 2 747 770 caracas fundación la salle monte avila editores ediciones ivic instituto caribe de antropología y sociología mason j alden 1950 the languages of south american indians pdf physical anthropology linguistics and cultural geography of south american indians handbook of south american indians vol 6 smithsonian institution washington washington smithsonian institution washington bureau of american ethnology pp 157 317 retrieved 2026 05 29 moseley christopher asher r e tait mary 1994 atlas of the world s languages london new york routledge isbn 978 0 415 01925 5 1 2 jolkesky marcelo pinho de valhery 2016 estudo arqueo ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul americanas ph d dissertation 2 ed brasília university of brasília loukotka čestmír 1968 classification of south american indian languages los angeles ucla latin american center zamponi raoul rogers chris 2023 01 16 16 máku in epps patience michael lev eds language isolates ii kanoé to yurakaré de gruyter pp 767 806 doi 10 1515 9783110432732 003 isbn 978 3 11 043273 2 retrieved 2026 07 29 external links edit alain fabre 2005 diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos awake portal japiim online dictionary v t e languages of brazil official language portuguese brazilian sign language regional languages german pomeranian hunsrik venetian talian indigenous languages arawakan asháninka aroaqui atorada bahuana baniwa of içana baniwa of guainía baré canamaré cararí enawenê nawê kariaí kawishana kustenaú manáo mandahuaca mapidian mawayana marawá marawan mehinaku mepuri palikúr parauana paresi pasé tariana terêna wainumá mariaté wapishana waraikú waurá wiriná yabaâna mainatari yumana arawan arawá deni himarimã jamamadí kulina paumarí zuruahá cariban apalaí apiaká of tocantins arakajú bakairi bonari carib hixkaryana ikpeng juma kuikúro macushi matipuhy palmela pará arára paravilhana pauxiána pimenteira purukotó sapará sikiana yarumá ye kuana waiwai wayumará pano tacanan amawaka dëmushbo karipuna kashinawa kashinawa tarauacá kasharari korubo kulina kulina olivença marubo matis matsés mayoruna amazon mayoruna jandiatuba mayoruna tabatinga nawa nukini poyanawa remo jaquirana shanenawa sharanawa shipibo tutxiunaua yaminawa yawanawa macro jê acroá mirim akwẽ xerénte apinajé arikapú chiquitano djeoromitxí ingain jeikó kaingang kaingang of são paulo kimdá kamakã kapoxó karajá kĩsêdjê koropó kotoxó krenak gueren nakrehé laklãnõ xokléng makoní malalí masakará maxakalí ritual maxakalí mẽbêngôkre menién ofayé panará southern kayapó pataxó pataxó hãhãhãe rikbaktsa tapayúna timbira canela krahô krẽje krĩkatí parkatêjê pykobjê xakriabá xavante nadahup dâw hup nadëb tupian akuntsu akwáwa parakanã suruí do pará amanayé anambé asuriní apiaká araweté aurê aurá avá canoeiro awetí arikem aruá cinta larga cocama gavião of jiparaná guajá guarani ava mbyá juruna kaʼapor kabanaé kabixiana kagwahiva amondawa capivarí diahói juma karipuna morerebi paranawát parintintin piripkura tenharim tukumãféd uru eu wau wau kamayurá karitiâna kaiwá kepkiriwát kuruaya makurap manitsauá matanau mawé mekéns mondé munduruku nheengatu omagua puruborá ramarama surui takunyapé tapirapé tenetehara turiwára tupari tupi urumi warázu wayampi wayampipukú wayoró xeta xipaya zoʼé zoro chapacuran kuyubí oro win torá urupá wanyam wariʼ yarú tukanoan arapaso carapana cubeo cueretú desano macuna mirití tapuya siriano tukano tuyuca waʼikhana waimajã wajiara wanano nambikwaran lakondê latundê mamaindê nambikwara sabanê tawandê yanomaman ninam sanumá yanomamö yaroamë yanomám bororoan aravirá bororo umotína harákmbut katukinan katukina kanamarí katawixi guaicuruan kadiwéu ticuna yuri ticuna yurí nukak kakwa kakwa kariri kipeá dzubukuá sabujá pedra branca witoto koeruna xokó natú natú xocó isolates aikanã arutani guató irantxe máku kanoê kwaza mura pirahã otí puri coroado trumai xukuru paratió unclassified baenã cabixi catuquinarú gamela jacundá kaimbé kambiwá katembri isolados do massaco pankararú tarairiú isolado do tanarú truká tuxá uamué waitaká wakoná wasu interlanguages cafundó lanc patuá macarrônico paulista general language portunhol fronteiriço sign languages brazilian sign ka apor sign terena sign non official japanese vlax romani hungarian arabic french dutch haitian creole greek polish romanian russian tagalog turkish korean chinese slovak italics indicate extinct languages v t e languages of venezuela official language spanish llanero maracucho indigenous languages arawakan baniwa of içana baniwa of guainía caquetío lokono mandahuaca paraujano piapoco wayuu cariban carib japreria kapóng macushi mapoyo yabarana mapoyo yabarana pémono panare pemon sikiana tamanaku tiverigoto ye kuana yukpa chibchan barí uwa guahiban cuiba guahibo jirajaran ayamán gayon jirajara otomákoan otomac taparita yanomaman ninam sanumá yanomamö yaroamë yanomám piaroa saliban piaroa saliba wirö ticuna yuri carabayo ticuna yuri other arutani betoi jirara guamo hodï máku nheengatu puinave pumé sapé timote warao non native languages german colonia tovar italian romani inglish sign languages venezuelan sign language v t e indigenous language families and isolates of south america based on campbell 2024 classification language families and isolates arawakan je tupi carib cariban tupian macro jê sensu stricto jê jabutian kamakã krenakan maxakalian jeikó karajá ofayé rikbaktsá eastern brazil karirian chiquitano guató purí coroado taruma xukurú yaté orinoco venezuela otomacoan sáliban ticuna yuri yanomaman arutani betoi guamo hodï máku pumé sapé warao andes colombia and venezuela jirajaran paezan tiniguan andaquí cofán camsá timote amazon colombia japurá vaupés area boran guajiboan kakwa nukak nadahup tucanoan witotoan andoque puinave pacific coast colombia and ecuador barbacoan chibchan chocoan esmeraldeño yurumanguí pacific coast peru cañari puruhá mochica sechura tallán amazon peru cahuapanan chicham hibito cholon pano tacanan peba yagua zaparoan aewa candoshi muniche omurano taushiro urarina wao terero amazon west central brazil arawan harákmbut katukinan muran matanawí trumai mamoré guaporé bororoan chapacuran nambikwaran aikanã arara do rio branco canichana cayubaba itonama irantxe kanoê kwazá leco mosetén chimané movima yuracaré andes peru bolivia and chile araucanian aymaran quechuan uru chipaya culli kunza puquina chaco pampas charruan chonan guaicuruan huarpean lule vilelan matacoan mascoyan zamucoan guachí payaguá far south chile qawasqaran chono yaghan proposed groupings hodï saliban macro arawakan macro chibchan puinave makú mura matanawí arutani sape chimuan bora witoto esmeralda yaruroan je tupi carib mataco guaicuru quechumaran sechura catacao amerind rejected unclassified aguano anserma arma baenã bagua cabixi catuquinaru chachapoya chango chirino comechingón copallén den diaguita flecheiro gamela gorgotoqui guaicaro himarimã huancavilca humahuaca isolado do tanarú kaimbé kambiwá kapinawá katembri majena malibu mure natú otí pankararú panzaleo palta panche pijao querandí quingnam quimbaya rabona ramanos sacata sanavirón sinú tabancale tapajó tarairiú tonocoté truká tremembé tuxá uamué waitaká wakoná wasu xokó linguistic areas chaco mamoré guaporé amazonian countries argentina bolivia brazil colombia chile ecuador paraguay peru venezuela guyana suriname french guiana lists languages extinct languages marañón river basin unclassified languages classification linguistic areas indicates an extinct language italics indicates independent status of a language bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members indicates moribund status retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title arutani_language oldid 1376500489 categories indigenous languages of south america languages of brazil languages of venezuela endangered language isolates language isolates of south america hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata language articles citing ethnologue 25 articles containing arutani language text cs1 german language sources de pages with plain ipa this page was last edited on 24 september 2026 at 14 45 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents arutani language 12 languages add topic
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