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of art scythian art greco buddhist art serindian art and more recently persianate culture are all part of this complicated history central asia has always been a crossroads of cultural exchange the hub of the so called silk road that complex system of trade routes stretching from china to the mediterranean already in the bronze age 3rd and 2nd millennium bc growing settlements formed part of an extensive network of trade linking central asia to the indus valley mesopotamia and egypt 84 seated figurine bactrian 3rd 2nd millennia bc chlorite and limestone height 9 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 84 belt buckle 3rd 1st centuries bc gold height 7 9 cm metropolitan museum of art 85 goblet showing the rape of europa and of ganymede part of the bagram treasure 1st century ad painted glass height 16 cm diameter 10 cm guimet museum paris 86 goddess and celestial musician buddhist 7th century pigments on plaster height 2 03 m museum of asian art berlin germany 87 gur i amir mausoleum samarkand uzbekistan 15th century 88 indian edit main article indian art early buddhists in india developed symbols related to buddha the major survivals of buddhist art begin in the period after the mauryans within north india kushan art the greco buddhist art of gandhara and finally the classic period of gupta art additionally there was the andhra school which appeared before the gandhara school and which was based in south india 89 good quantities of sculpture survives from some key sites such as sanchi bharhut and amaravati some of which remain in situ with others in museums in india or around the world stupas were surrounded by ceremonial fences with four profusely carved toranas or ornamental gateways facing the cardinal directions these are in stone though clearly adopting forms developed in wood they and the walls of the stupa itself can be heavily decorated with reliefs mostly illustrating the lives of the buddha gradually life size figures were sculpted initially in deep relief but then free standing 90 mathura art was the most important centre in this development which applied to hindu and jain art as well as buddhist 91 the facades and interiors of rock cut chaitya prayer halls and monastic viharas have survived better than similar free standing structures elsewhere which were for long mostly in wood the caves at ajanta karle bhaja and elsewhere contain early sculpture often outnumbered by later works such as iconic figures of the buddha and bodhisattvas which are not found before 100 ad at the least the great stupa of sanchi madhya pradesh india 3rd century c 100 bc 92 lion capital of ashoka c 250 bc polished sandstone height 2 2 m sarnath museum india 93 seated buddha c 475 sandstone height 1 6 m sarnath museum 94 bodhisattva padmapani c 450 490 pigments on rock height c 1 2 m ajanta caves india 94 shiva as lord of the dance c 11th century bronze height 96 cm musée guimet paris 95 kandariya mahadeva temple khajuraho india c 1030 96 durga killing the buffalo demon c 1150 argilite height 13 5 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 97 ganesha c 14th 15th century ivory height 18 4 cm metropolitan museum of art 95 basawan akbarnama c 1590 watercolor on paper 33 x 20 cm victoria and albert museum london 98 taj mahal agra india an iconic example of mughal architecture 1632 1648 99 chinese edit main article chinese art in eastern asia painting was derived from the practice of calligraphy and portraits and landscapes were painted on silk cloth most of the paintings represent landscapes or portraits the most spectacular sculptures are the ritual bronzes and the bronze sculptures from sanxingdui a very well known example of chinese art is the terracotta army depicting the armies of qin shi huang the first emperor of china it is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210 209 bc whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife chinese art is one of the oldest continuous traditional arts in the world and is marked by an unusual degree of continuity within and consciousness of that tradition lacking an equivalent to the western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles the media that have usually been classified in the west since the renaissance as the decorative arts are extremely important in chinese art and much of the finest work was produced in large workshops or factories by essentially unknown artists especially in chinese ceramics the range and quality of goods that decorated chinese palaces and households and their inhabitants is dazzling materials came from across china and far beyond gold and silver mother of pearl ivory and rhinoceros horn wood and lacquer jade and soap stone silk and paper buddha pagoda fogong monastery yingxian china 1056 100 auspicious cranes painted by emperor huizong of a rare scene on top of a city gate on 16 january 1112 early autumn by qian xuan an example of chinese bird and flower painting 13th century a section of the famous nine dragons scroll completed in 1244 ce snowscape by ma yuan c 1160 1225 taipei national palace museum dancing and singing peasants returning from work c 1200 a painting of the gongbi style by emperor huizong a still life also of the gongbi style from the southern song dynasty birds in a bamboo and plum tree thicket 12th century li bai strolling by liang kai c 1140 c 1210 known for his minimalist works exemplifying the buddhist virtue of mindfulness mother hen and chicks song dynasty the high contrast brought on by the black background is very rare in chinese painting song duckling in the gongbi style li anzhong s bird on a branch late northern song c 1130 the yellow river breaches its course song dynasty section of eight views of xiaoxiang an imaginary tour through xiaoxiang by li shi 12th century tokyo national museum elegant rocks and sparse trees by zhao mengfu 1254 1322 early spring by guo xi 1072 hanging scroll ink on silk 1 58 x 1 08 m national palace museum taipei taiwan 101 statue of the luohan tamrabhadra one of the group of glazed pottery luohans from yixian 10th 13th century glazed terracotta height 123 cm guimet museum paris guanyin of the southern seas 11th 12th century painted and gilded wood height 2 41 m nelson atkins museum of art kansas city missouri us 102 ladies preparing silk an 8th century tang dynasty painting by zhang xuan copied and reproduced in the song dynasty ink and colours on silk 0 37 x 1 47 m museum of fine arts boston us 103 a decorative box from the southern song dynasty c 13th century cup early 17th century rhinoceros horn height 10 2 cm metropolitan museum of art ming dynasty 1403 24 cloisonné box 18th century cloisonné enamels on copper with gilt bronze 20 5 19 8 cm walters art museum baltimore maryland us japanese edit main article japanese art japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture ink painting and calligraphy on silk and paper ukiyo e paintings and woodblock prints ceramics origami and more recently manga modern japanese cartooning and comics along with a myriad of other types the first settlers of japan were the jōmon people c 11 000 300 bc they crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels clay figurines called dogū japan has been subject to sudden invasions of new ideas followed by long periods of minimal contact with the outside world over time the japanese developed the ability to absorb imitate and finally assimilate those elements of foreign culture that complemented their aesthetic preferences the earliest complex art in japan was produced in the 7th and 8th centuries in connection with buddhism in the 9th century as the japanese began to turn away from china and develop indigenous forms of expression the secular arts became increasingly important until the late 15th century both religious and secular arts flourished after the ōnin war 1467 1477 japan entered a period of political social and economic disruption that lasted for over a century in the state that emerged under the leadership of the tokugawa shogunate organized religion played a much less important role in people s lives and the arts that survived were primarily secular temple of the golden pavilion kitayama kyoto a zen buddhist temple in kyoto 1398 104 female figure c 1670 1690 porcelain with overglaze polychrome enamels height 39 7 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city noh robe 1750 1800 silk embroidery and gold leaf on silk satin length 1 66 m metropolitan museum of art 105 the great wave off kanagawa by katsushika hokusai c 1830 1832 full colour woodblock print 25 7 x 37 9 cm metropolitan museum of art 106 plum park in kameido by hiroshige 1857 full colour woodblock print 36 4 x 24 4 cm rijksmuseum amsterdam the netherlands sub saharan africa edit main article african art further information igbo art yoruba art benin art kuba art luba art and african historiography art history sub saharan african art includes both sculpture typified by the brass castings of the benin people igbo ukwu and the kingdom of ifẹ and terracottas of djenne jeno ife and the more ancient nok culture as well as folk art concurrent with the european middle ages in the eleventh century ad a nation that made grand architecture gold sculpture and intricate jewelry was founded in great zimbabwe impressive sculpture was concurrently being cast from brass by the yoruba people of what is now nigeria in the benin kingdom also of southern nigeria which began around the same time elegant altar tusks brass heads plaques of brass and palatial architecture were created the benin kingdom was ended by the british in 1897 and little of the culture s art now remains in nigeria today the most significant arts venue in africa is the johannesburg biennale sub saharan africa is characterized by a high density of cultures notable are the dogon people from mali edo yoruba igbo people and the nok civilization from nigeria kuba and luba people from central africa ashanti people from ghana zulu people from southern africa and fang people from equatorial guinea 85 cameroon and gabon the sao civilization people from chad kwele people from eastern gabon republic of the congo and cameroon the myriad forms of african art are components of some of the most vibrant and responsive artistic traditions in the world and are integral to the lives of african people created for specific purposes artworks can reveal their ongoing importance through physical transformations that enhance both their appearance and their potency many traditional african art forms are created as conduits to the spirit world and change appearance as materials are added to enhance their beauty and potency the more a work is used and blessed the more abstract it becomes with the accretion of sacrificial matter and the wearing down of original details seated figure by artists of the nok culture 5th century bc 5th century ad earthenware central nigeria height 38 cm musée du quai branly paris 107 pot from igbo ukwu nigeria 9th century bronze unknown dimensions nigerian national museum lagos bronze head sculpture of the oni obalufon ca 12th century discovered at the holy city of the yoruba yoruba ilé ifẹ̀ nigerian national museum lagos head of a king or dignitary by artists of the yoruba people 12th 15th century terracotta 19 cm discovered at ife nigeria ethnological museum of berlin germany seated figure by artists of the djenné djenno culture mali 13th century earthenware width 29 9 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 107 pendant mask by artists of the edo people nigeria 16th century ivory and iron height 24 5 cm british museum london 108 n dop king mishe mishyaang mambul by artists of the kuba kingdom democratic republic of the congo 18th century wood 49 5 cm brooklyn museum new york city 109 mandu yenu throne of nsangu by artists of the kingdom of bamun c 1870 wood beads of glass porcelain and shell height 1 75 m ethnological museum of berlin 110 royal mask by artists of the bamum people cameroon before 1880 wood copper glass beads raffia and shells height 66 cm metropolitan museum of art 109 ngaad a mwash mask by artists of the kuba people late 19th early 20th centuries wood shells glass beads raffia and pigment height 82 cm detroit institute of arts detroit michigan us 109 headrest by artists of the luba people 19th century wood height 18 5 cm musée du quai branly paris 111 oceania edit main article oceanian art oceanian art includes the geographic areas of micronesia polynesia australia new zealand and melanesia one approach treats the area thematically with foci on ancestry warfare the body gender trade religion and tourism unfortunately little ancient art survives from oceania scholars believe that this is likely because artists used perishable materials such as wood and feathers which did not survive in the tropical climate and there are no historical records to refer to most of this material the understanding of oceania s artistic cultures thus begins with the documentation of it by westerners such as captain james cook in the 18th century at the turn of the 20th century the french artist paul gauguin spent significant amounts of time in tahiti living with local people and making modern art a fact that has become intertwined with tahitian visual culture to the present day citation needed the indigenous art of australia often looks like abstract modern art but it has deep roots in local culture the art of oceania is the last great tradition of art to be appreciated by the world at large despite being one of the longest continuous traditions of art in the world dating back at least fifty millennia it remained relatively unknown until the second half of the 20th century the often ephemeral materials of aboriginal art of australia makes it difficult to determine the antiquity of the majority of the forms of art practised today the most durable forms are the multitudes of rock engravings and rock paintings which are found across the continent in the arnhem land escarpment evidence suggests that paintings were being made fifty thousand years ago antedating the palaeolithic rock paintings of altamira lascaux in europe hoa hakananai a an example of a moai c 1200 ad flow lava height 242 cm british museum london 112 statue of a a from rurutu probably 18th century wood height 117 cm british museum 113 taurapa māori canoe sternpost late 18th early 19th century wood and sheel height 148 cm musée du quai branly paris 114 australian painting of a kangaroo totemic ancestor c 1915 painting on bark 92 5 35 5 cm musée du quai branly european edit main article art of europe medieval edit main article medieval art with the decline of the roman empire from c 300 ad a period subsequently defined as the medieval era began it lasted for about a millennium until the beginning of the renaissance c 1400 early christian art typifies the early stages of this period followed by byzantine art anglo saxon art viking art ottonian art romanesque art and gothic art with i...
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