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mexican americans and their long rooted history and culture pertaining to these lands as people living by the international border would be called fronterizos border dwellers 177 these fronterizos would start out with two goals to decry the racism and discrimination experienced by mexicans and mexicans americans in the united states and to support the ongoing reforms in mexico equating the tyranny of porfirio díaz to that of white texan politicians a month after the start of the conflict idar from la cronica argued that mexican immigrants and american born mexican americans should be inspired by the revolution s promise of land reform to fight for more civil rights in the united states fronterizos worked to produce a nationalistic perspective placing the borderlands as an integral part of mexican culture history and as a crucial part to the revolution as the borderlands and its communities have been ignored by both the united states and mexican governments 177 prints and cartoons edit josé guadalupe posada the calavera maderista during the late porfiriato political cartooning and print making developed as popular forms of art the most well known print maker of that period is josé guadalupe posada whose satirical prints particularly featuring skeletons circulated widely 178 posada died in early 1913 so his caricatures are only of the early revolution one published in el vale panchito entitled oratory and music shows madero atop a pile of papers and the plan of san luis potosí haranguing a dark skinned mexican whose large sombrero has the label pueblo people madero is in a dapper suit the caption reads offerings to the people to rise to the presidency 179 political cartoons by mexicans as well as americans caricatured the situation in mexico for a mass readership 180 political broadsides including songs of the revolutionary period were also a popular form of visual art after 1920 mexican muralism and printmaking were two major forms of revolutionary art prints were easily reproducible and circulated widely while murals commissioned by the mexican government necessitated a journey to view them printmaking emerged as a favored medium alongside government sponsored mural painting among artists ready to do battle for a new aesthetic as well as a new political order 181 diego rivera better known for his painting than printmaking reproduced his depiction of zapata in the murals in the cortés palace in cuernavaca in a 1932 print 182 photography motion pictures and propaganda edit child soldier 183 the mexican revolution was extensively photographed as well as filmed so that there is a large contemporaneous visual record the mexican revolution and photography were intertwined 184 there was a large foreign viewership for still and moving images of the revolution the photographic record is by no means complete since much of the violence took place in relatively remote places but it was a media event covered by photographers photojournalists and professional cinematographers those behind the lens were hampered by the large heavy cameras that impeded capturing action images but no longer was written text enough with photographs illustrating and verifying the written word the revolution depended heavily from its inception on visual representations and in particular on photographs 185 the large number of mexican and foreign photographers followed the action and stoked public interest in it among the foreign photographers were jimmy hare otis a aultman homer scott and walter horne images appeared in newspapers and magazines as well as postcards 186 horne was associated with the mexican war postcard company 187 iconic image of villa in ojinaga a publicity still taken by mutual film corporation photographer john davidson wheelan in january 1914 188 most prominent of the documentary film makers were salvador toscano and jesús h abitía and some 80 cameramen from the u s filmed as freelancers or employed by film companies the footage has been edited and reconstructed into documentary films memories of a mexican carmen toscano de moreno 1950 and epics of the mexican revolution gustavo carrera 189 principal leaders of the revolution were well aware of the propaganda element of documentary film making and pancho villa contracted with an american film company to record for viewers in the u s his leadership on the battlefield the film has been lost but the story of the film making was interpreted in the hbo scripted film and starring pancho villa as himself 190 the largest collection of still photographs of the revolution is the casasola archive named for photographer agustín casasola 1874 1938 with nearly 500 000 images held by the fototeca nacional in pachuca a multivolume history of the revolution historia gráfica de la revolución mexicana 1900 1960 contains hundreds of images from the era along with explanatory text 191 painting edit josé clemente orozco the trench mural in the san ildefonso college mexico city venustiano carranza attracted artists and intellectuals to the constitutionalist cause painter sculptor and essayist gerardo murillo known as dr atl was ardently involved in art production in the cause of the revolution he was involved with the anarcho syndicalist labor organization the casa del obrero mundial and in met and encouraged josé clemente orozco and david alfaro siqueiros in producing political art 192 the government of álvaro obregón 1920 24 and his minister of education josé vasconcelos commissioned artists to decorate government buildings of the colonial era with murals depicting mexico s history many of these focused on aspects of the revolution the big three of mexican muralism diego rivera orozco and siqueiros produced narratives of the revolution shaping historical memory and interpretation 193 194 music edit soy zapatista del edo de morelos i m a zapatista from the state of morelos a southern corrido written by the revolutionary marciano silva es corrido sheet music celebrating the entry of francisco i madero into mexico city in 1911 a number of traditional mexican songs or corridos were written at the time serving as a kind of news report and functioned as propaganda memorializing aspects of the mexican revolution 195 196 the term adelitas an alternative word for soldaderas is from a corrido titled la adelita the song la cucaracha with numerous verses was popular at the time of the revolution and subsequently and is too in the present day published corridos often had images of particular revolutionary heroes along with the verses literature edit few novels of the mexican revolution were written at the time mariano azuela s los de abajo translated as the underdogs is a notable one originally published in serial form in newspapers literature is a lens through which to see the revolution 197 nellie campobello is one of the few women writers of the revolution her cartucho 1931 is an account of the revolution in northern mexico emphasizing the role of villistas when official discourse was erasing villa s memory and emphasizing nationalist and centralized ideas of the revolution 198 martín luis guzmán s el águila y el serpiente 1928 and la sombra del caudillo 1929 drew on his experiences in the constitutionalist army 199 200 in the fiction of carlos fuentes particularly the death of artemio cruz the revolution and its perceived betrayal are key factors in driving the narrative gender edit the revolution that occurred during 1910 greatly affected gender roles present in mexico however it continued to create a strict separation between genders although both men and women were involved in the revolution women were involved by promoting political reform as well as enlisting in the military women who were involved in political reform would create reports that outlined the changes people wanted to see in their area that type of activism was seen inside and outside of the cities women not only took political action but also enlisted in the military and became teachers to contribute to the change that they wanted to see after the revolution women were seen as prizes by many men involved in the military being involved in the military gave men a greater sense of superiority over women which gave women the connotation of being a prize 201 that idea often lead to violence against women which meanwhile increased 201 after the revolution the ideas women contributed to the revolution were put on hold for many years women would often promote the ideas of establishing a greater justice system and creating ideals surrounded by democracy 201 the revolution caused many people to further reinstate the idea that women were meant to be taking care of the household women were also put in the lower part of the social class because of this idea 201 female soldiers during the revolution edit women who had been discarded by their families would often join the military being involved in the military would lead to scrutiny amongst some male participants 130 in order to avoid sexual abuse many women would make themselves appear more masculine 130 they would also dress more masculine in order to gain more experience with handling weapons and learning more about military jobs 130 maría de jesús gonzález edit an example of this is presented by maría de jesús gonzález who was a secret agent involved in carranza s army she would often present herself as a man in order to complete certain tasks assigned to her 130 after she completed these tasks she would return to her feminine appearance 130 rosa bobadilla edit rosa bodilla however maintained her feminine appearance throughout her military career she joined the zapata s military with her husband when he died she was given his title which became colonel rosa bobadila widow of casas 130 she gave orders to men while continuing to dress as a woman amelio robles edit main article amelio robles ávila after the revolution amelio robles continued to look like and identify as a male for the rest of his life 130 robles abandoned his home in order to join the zapata military throughout the war robles began to assume a more masculine identity after the war he did not return to his former appearance like other females had robles carried on with his life as amelio and remained to look as well as act masculine he reestablished himself into the community as a male and was recognized as a male on his military documents 130 interpreting the history of the revolution edit there is a vast historiography on the mexican revolution with many different interpretations of the history over time it has become more fragmented there is consensus as to when the revolution began that is in 1910 but there is no consensus when it ended the constitutionalists defeated their major rivals and called the constitutional convention that drafted the 1917 constitution but did not effectively control all regions the year 1920 was the last successful military rebellion bringing the northern revolutionary generals to power according to álvaro matute by the time obregón was sworn in as president on december 1 1920 the armed stage of the mexican revolution was effectively over 202 the year 1940 saw revolutionary general and president lázaro cárdenas choose manuel avila camacho a moderate to succeed him a 1966 anthology by scholars of the revolution was entitled is the mexican revolution dead 203 historian alan knight has identified orthodox interpretation of the revolution as a monolithic popular nationalist revolution while revisionism has focused on regional differences and challenges its credentials revolution 204 one scholar classifies the conflict as a great rebellion rather than a revolution 205 major leaders of the revolution have been the subject of biographies including the martyred francisco i madero there are many biographies of zapata and villa whose movements did not achieve power along with studies of the presidential career of revolutionary general lázaro cárdenas in recent years biographies of the victorious northerners carranza obregón and calles have reassessed their roles in the revolution sonorans in the mexican revolution have not yet collectively been the subject of a major study often studied as an event solely of mexican history or one also involving mexico s northern neighbor scholars now recognize that from the beginning to the end foreign activities figured crucially in the revolution s course not simple antagonism from the u s government but complicated euro american imperialist rivalries extremely intricate during the first world war 206 a key work illuminating the international aspects of the revolution is friedrich katz s 1981 work the secret war in mexico europe the united states and the mexican revolution 25 historical memory edit the monument to the revolution in mexico city it was to be the new legislative palace of the díaz regime but construction was interrupted by the revolution in 2010 the centennial of the revolution and the bicentennial of independence was an occasion to take account of mexico s history the centennial of independence in 1910 had been the swan song of the porfiriato with president felipe calderón 2006 2012 of the conservative national action party there was considerable emphasis on the bicentennial of independence rather than on the mexican revolution heroes and villains edit equestrian bronze of villa in chihuahua chihuahua the popular heroes of the mexican revolution are the two radicals who lost emiliano zapata and pancho villa as early as 1921 the mexican government began appropriating the memory and legacy of zapata for its own purposes 207 pancho villa fought against those who won the revolution and he was excluded from the revolutionary pantheon for a considerable time but his memory and legend remained alive among the mexican people the government recognized his continued potency and had his remains reburied in the monument of the revolution after considerable controversy 208 with the exception of zapata who rebelled against him in 1911 francisco madero was revered as the apostle of democracy madero s murder in the 1913 counterrevolutionary coup elevated him as a martyr of the revolution whose memory unified the constitutionalist coalition against huerta venustiano carranza gained considerable legitimacy as a civilian leader of the constitutionalists having supported madero in life and led the successful coalition that ousted huerta then carranza downplayed madero s role in the revolution in order to substitute himself as the origin of the true revolution carranza owned the bullets taken from the body of francisco i madero after his murder carranza had kept them in his home perhaps because they were a symbol of a fate and a passive denouement he had always hoped to avoid 209 huerta remains the enduring villain of the mexican revolution for his coup against madero díaz is still popularly and officially reviled although there was an attempt to rehabilitate his reputation in the 19...
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