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constitutionality of born secret is rarely invoked for cases of private speculation the official policy of the united states department of energy has been not to acknowledge the leaking of design information as such acknowledgment would potentially validate the information as accurate in a small number of prior cases the us government has attempted to censor weapons information in the public press with limited success 90 according to the new york times physicist kenneth w ford defied government orders to remove classified information from his book building the h bomb a personal history ford claims he used only pre existing information and even submitted a manuscript to the government which wanted to remove entire sections of the book for concern that foreign states could use the information 91 the teller ulam design was for many years considered one of the top nuclear secrets and even today it is not discussed in any detail by official publications with origins behind the fence of classification united states department of energy doe policy has been and continues to be that they do not acknowledge when leaks occur because doing so would acknowledge the accuracy of the supposed leaked information aside from images of the warhead casing most information in the public domain about this design is relegated to a few terse statements by the doe and the work of a few individual investigators unclassified knowledge edit though large quantities of vague data have been officially released and larger quantities of vague data have been unofficially leaked by former bomb designers most public descriptions of nuclear weapon design details rely to some degree on speculation reverse engineering from known information or comparison with similar fields of physics inertial confinement fusion is the primary example such processes have resulted in a body of unclassified knowledge about nuclear bombs that is generally consistent with official unclassified information releases and related physics and is thought to be internally consistent though there are some points of interpretation that are still considered open the state of public knowledge about the teller ulam design has been mostly shaped from a few specific incidents outlined in a section below us department of energy statements edit photographs of warhead casings such as this one of the w80 nuclear warhead allow for some speculation as to the relative size and shapes of the primaries and secondaries in us thermonuclear weapons in 1972 the united states government declassified a document stating i n thermonuclear tn weapons a fission primary is used to trigger a tn reaction in thermonuclear fuel referred to as a secondary and in 1979 added i n thermonuclear weapons radiation from a fission explosive can be contained and used to transfer energy to compress and ignite a physically separate component containing thermonuclear fuel to this latter sentence the us government specified that any elaboration of this statement will be classified emphasis in original the only information that may pertain to the spark plug or tamper was declassified in 1991 fact that fissile or fissionable materials are present in some secondaries material unidentified location unspecified use unspecified and weapons undesignated in 1998 the doe declassified the statement that the fact that materials may be present in channels and the term channel filler with no elaboration which may refer to the polystyrene foam or an analogous substance 92 whether these statements vindicate some or all of the models presented above is up for interpretation and official us government releases about the technical details of nuclear weapons have been purposely equivocating in the past e g smyth report other information such as the types of fuel used in some of the early weapons has been declassified though precise technical information has not been united states v the progressive edit main article united states v the progressive most of the current ideas on the workings of the teller ulam design came into public awareness after the doe attempted to censor a magazine article by us anti weapons activist howard morland in 1979 on the secret of the hydrogen bomb in 1978 morland had decided that discovering and exposing this last remaining secret would focus attention onto the arms race and allow citizens to feel empowered to question official statements on the importance of nuclear weapons and nuclear secrecy citation needed most of morland s ideas about how the weapon worked were compiled from accessible sources the drawings that most inspired his approach came from the encyclopedia americana citation needed morland also interviewed often informally many former los alamos scientists including teller and ulam though neither gave him any useful information and he used a variety of interpersonal strategies to encourage informative responses from them i e asking questions such as do they still use spark plugs even if he was not aware what the latter term specifically referred to 93 morland eventually concluded that the secret was that the primary and secondary were kept separate and that radiation pressure from the primary compressed the secondary before igniting it when an early draft of the article to be published in the progressive magazine was sent to the doe after falling into the hands of a professor who was opposed to morland s goal the doe requested that the article not be published and pressed for a temporary injunction the doe argued that morland s information was 1 likely derived from classified sources 2 if not derived from classified sources itself counted as secret information under the born secret clause of the 1954 atomic energy act and 3 was dangerous and would encourage nuclear proliferation morland and his lawyers disagreed on all points but the injunction was granted as the judge in the case felt that it was safer to grant the injunction and allow morland et al to appeal through a variety of more complicated circumstances the doe case began to wane as it became clear that some of the data they were attempting to claim as secret had been published in a students encyclopedia a few years earlier after another h bomb speculator chuck hansen had his own ideas about the secret quite different from morland s published in a wisconsin newspaper the doe claimed that the progressive case was moot dropped its suit and allowed the magazine to publish its article which it did in november 1979 morland had by then however changed his opinion of how the bomb worked suggesting that a foam medium the polystyrene rather than radiation pressure was used to compress the secondary and that in the secondary there was a spark plug of fissile material as well he published these changes based in part on the proceedings of the appeals trial as a short erratum in the progressive a month later 94 in 1981 morland published a book about his experience describing in detail the train of thought that led him to his conclusions about the secret 93 95 morland s work is interpreted as being at least partially correct because the doe had sought to censor it one of the few times they violated their usual approach of not acknowledging secret material that had been released however to what degree it lacks information or has incorrect information is not known with any confidence the difficulty that other countries had in developing the teller ulam design even when they apparently understood the design such as with the united kingdom makes it somewhat unlikely that this simple information alone is what provides the ability to manufacture thermonuclear weapons nevertheless the ideas put forward by morland in 1979 have been the basis for all the current speculation on the teller ulam design notable accidents edit see also list of military nuclear accidents on 5 february 1958 during a training mission flown by a b 47 a mark 15 nuclear bomb also known as the tybee bomb was lost off the coast of tybee island near savannah georgia the us air force maintains that the bomb was unarmed and did not contain the live fissile core necessary to initiate a nuclear explosion 96 the bomb was thought by the department of energy to lie buried under several feet of silt at the bottom of wassaw sound 97 on 17 january 1966 a fatal collision occurred between a b 52g and a kc 135 stratotanker over palomares spain the conventional explosives in two of the mk28 type hydrogen bombs detonated upon impact with the ground dispersing plutonium over nearby farms a third bomb landed intact near palomares while the fourth fell 19 kilometres 12 mi off the coast into the mediterranean sea and was recovered a few months later 98 on 21 january 1968 a b 52g with four b28fi thermonuclear bombs aboard as part of operation chrome dome crashed on the ice of the north star bay while attempting an emergency landing at thule air base in greenland 99 the resulting fire caused extensive radioactive contamination 100 personnel involved in the cleanup failed to recover all the debris from three of the bombs and one bomb was not recovered 101 see also edit colex process isotopic separation nukemap pure fusion weapon notes edit the first test of any thermonuclear design was the 1951 greenhouse george explosion the misleading term hydrogen bomb was already in wide public use before fission product fallout from the castle bravo test in 1954 revealed the extent to which most designs primarily rely on fast fission rudimentary theory and designs were transferred between us and uk scientists during the manhattan project from the us to the ussr via atomic spies and from the ussr to china until 1960 the uk provided very limited information to france in 1967 see thermonuclear weapon history references edit this article contains one or more duplicated citations the reason given is duplicatereferences script detected https www nytimes com 1998 05 18 world nuclear anxiety the overview india 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internet archive hansen chuck 2007 swords of armageddon u s nuclear weapons development since 1945 pdf cd rom download available 2nd ed sunnyvale california chukelea publications isbn 978 0979191503 figure 5 thermonuclear warhead components archived from the original on 12 july 2010 retrieved 27 august 2010 a cleaned up version british h bomb posted on the internet by greenpeace federation of american scientists retrieved 27 august 2010 1 2 3 4 rhodes richard 1 august 1995 dark sun the making of the hydrogen bomb oclc 456652278 ol 2617721w wikidata q105755363 via internet archive sublette carey 9 january 2007 the w76 warhead intermediate yield strategic slbm mirv warhead nuclear weapon archive archived from the original on 26 january 2021 retrieved 8 february 2021 improved security safety manufacturability of the reliable replacement warhead archived 2008 12 17 at the wayback machine nnsa march 2007 a 1976 drawing that depicts an interstage that absorbs and re radiates x rays from 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