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he federal identity program elements of the coat of arms are also used in other designs with the shield being used in the various royal standards belonging to members of the royal family and the crest of the arms serving as the focal point of the governor general s flag history the royal banner of france from 1589 to 1792 with the three fleurs de lis replicated on the present canadian coat of arms prior to confederation in 1867 the royal coat of arms of the united kingdom served in canada as the symbol of royal authority 17 arms had not been granted to any of the colonies in british north america apart from 17th century grants to nova scotia 18 and newfoundland 19 20 arms were then granted by royal warrant on 26 may 1868 to ontario 21 quebec 22 nova scotia 23 and new brunswick 24 that nova scotia had previously been granted arms was forgotten and it took until 1929 for the historic arms granted in the 17th century to be reinstated 18 in that warrant queen victoria authorized the four arms of the first provinces to be quartered for use on the great seal of canada while this was not done for the first great seal it was through that reference that the arrangement became the de facto arms for canada until 1921 25 which were used on the first red ensign carried by canadian troops at vimy ridge in 1917 citation needed as more provinces and territories joined canada the original four arms were marshalled with the arms of the new members of confederation eventually resulting in a shield with nine quarterings 17 this occurred by way of popular and even canadian governmental usage flag makers took to using the complex shield on canadian red ensigns none of those shields besides the original four segment version of 1868 were ever official in any sense nor were any of these shields a national coat of arms as they had never been approved by the monarch 17 heraldists considered nine quarterings on a shield as too convoluted for a national symbol and 17 by 1915 a push had begun to design a new coat of arms for canada 26 a committee which included dominion archivist arthur doughty 27 was formed in 1919 to pursue the issue eventually agreeing that the elements of the new arms would reference the royal arms of england ireland scotland and france with maple leaves representing canada though there was at the time no consensus on how the leaves were to be used 26 a 1917 proposal by edward marion chadwick who had designed the crest supporters and motto of the coat of arms of ontario sparked a discussion about featuring first nations figures as supporters though chadwick had depicted the clothing and regalia accurately joseph pope rejected the idea stating i myself do not see any necessity for commemorating the indians at all 27 the arms design was settled by the following year and the committee conferred with the college of arms in london only to face resistance to the use of the uk s royal arms from the garter king of arms 26 as well as concern over whether the inclusion of the fleurs de lis would imply canada claimed sovereignty over france the canadian commissioner general in paris discreetly confirmed with french officials that the coat of arms would not spark a diplomatic spat 27 a counter proposal from the college added the flags to the supporters and a crown to the lion as in the british arms and placed the three fleurs de lis between two green maple leaves in the fifth charge on the shield below the four charges of the arms of the uk 27 after some manoeuvring including the personal intervention of winston churchill the new arms of canada were eventually formally requested by an order in council on 21 april 1921 and adopted on 21 november of the same year by proclamation of king george v as the arms or ensigns armorial of the dominion of canada 1 28 29 the committee records were preserved with library and archives canada 27 the new layout closely reflected the arms of the united kingdom 30 with the addition of maple leaves in the base and the reference to the french royal arms in the fourth quarter 31 a draft of the royal arms of canada by canadian heraldic artist alexander scott carter drawn in 1920 a counter proposal from the college of arms september 1921 with an arrangement of fleurs de lis rejected by the canadian committee eugène fiset the deputy minister of defence claimed in 1918 that the design of the arms would determine the national colours of canada and an unnamed member of the committee stated the colours of the shield will become the national colours of the dominion the red maple leaf has been used in service flags to denote men who have sacrificed their lives for the country the case for white is that it contains an allusion to snow which is characteristic of our climate and our landscape in certain seasons 32 in the 1940s military historian archer fortescue duguid suggested king george v had chosen red and white as canada s official colours because those were the colours in the wreath and mantling on the arms however forrest pass a curator at library and archives canada determined there is no record of either the king or the committee giving much importance to the mantling and the royal proclamation of the coat of arms makes no mention of national colours specifically 33 with the passage of the statute of westminster in 1931 canada and other dominions became fully sovereign from the united kingdom this had the effect of elevating the canadian coat of arms which had been granted as deputed arms for particular uses in a colony to the status of the royal arms of the king in right of the country for general purposes throughout the country they thus replaced the british coat of arms which had previously been arms of general purpose throughout the british empire in courtrooms and on government buildings to represent the reigning monarch this change can be seen in the great seal of canada of king george vi where the royal arms of canada replaced the british arms and is even more evident in the great seal of canada for queen elizabeth ii on which the title queen of canada is used 34 by 1957 the arms were redrawn by alan beddoe so as to have red leaves and to change the royal crown from a tudor design to one more resembling st edward s crown as preferred by queen elizabeth ii 17 to mark the 1982 patriation of the canadian constitution which finally ended the last vestiges of the british parliament s role in amending the constitution a mcgill university student named bruce hicks proposed to secretary of state gerald regan that the motto of the order of canada at the time the country s highest civilian honour for merit be placed around the shield in order to bring these royal arms into line with other royal arms displayed in canada holdovers from the time of french scottish and english colonisation on which a symbol of those countries highest national order of honour appeared around the shield the british arms displayed the order of the garter the scottish royal arms the order of the thistle and the royalist arms of the french ancien régime the order of the holy spirit and order of saint michael 35 while unsuccessful in this first attempt hicks continued his campaign and was joined by a number of other amateur and professional heraldists as a journalist in the parliamentary press gallery in ottawa in the late 1980s and early 90s hicks strategically recast the change as something worth doing to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the order of canada s founding in 1992 an idea that was endorsed by the advisory committee on the order of canada 36 it took until 1994 for the queen to approve the new design for general use though the canadian heraldic authority established by the queen in 1988 began to allow for its limited use beginning in 1987 where the arms were used to represent the queen personally on letters patent granting new arms for distinguished canadians 4 these letters patent carried the shield from the royal arms along with the annulus behind the shield bearing the motto of the order of canada desiderantes meliorem patriam as soon as royal approval was forthcoming the full achievement was redesigned for use by the federal government within the federal identity program 17 the present design of the arms of canada was drawn by cathy bursey sabourin fraser herald at the canadian heraldic authority 37 member of parliament pat martin introduced in june 2008 a motion into the house of commons calling on the government to amend the coat of arms to incorporate symbols representing canada s first nations inuit and métis peoples 38 as chadwick had suggested in 1917 after the coronation of king charles iii and queen camilla on 6 may 2023 the canadian heraldic authority revealed a new canadian royal crown featuring maple leaves a snowflake and symbols with meaning to canada s indigenous peoples the authority stated changes will take place in due course 39 armorial evolution 1868 1870 quartering the arms of the four founding provinces 1870 1873 addition of manitoba 1873 1907 addition of british columbia and prince edward island 1907 1921 addition of saskatchewan and alberta 1921 1923 1923 1957 1957 1994 use the supreme court of canada courtroom displaying the arms of canada on the focal wall the canadian coat of arms outside a canada post office in saint hyacinthe the coat of arms being those of the sovereign and the state is used to signify national sovereignty and ownership 40 41 the federal government uses the arms to represent the state under the federal identity program 42 and as a mark of authority for various government agencies and representatives including cabinet 43 and the prime minister within it 44 and the supreme court 45 as well as the canadian armed forces and royal canadian mounted police rcmp 49 in the latter two the most senior non commissioned ranks wear the 1957 version of the arms as a badge of rank representing the fact that they have received the king s warrant as opposed to the king s commission for officers the arms of canada is also present on all pre polymer denominations of canadian banknotes printed on each bill in a way that functions as a security feature 50 as well as the 50 coin 51 and on the cover of canadian passports 52 permanent resident cards issued from 2009 to 2015 feature a holographic representation of the 1957 version of the coat of arms 53 the full achievement of the coat of arms has been used by the canadian government on occasion on a plain red flag such as in 1967 for the country s centennial celebrations 54 it is also used on a flag in its full achievement in military ceremonies such as canadian armed forces tattoo performances 55 as the royal arms are personal to the sovereign they cannot be used without the king s consent 56 the coat of arms as designed in 1921 and revised in 1957 and in 1994 are protected under the trade marks act and the copyright act and cannot be used or reproduced without authorization 42 further marks and designs similar to the official symbols are pursued as a copyright or trade mark infringement 42 the trade marks act further states that no person shall adopt in connection with a business as a trade mark or otherwise any mark consisting of or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for the arms crest or flag adopted and used at any time by canada 57 in addition under crown copyright permission is always required when the work is being revised adapted or translated regardless if the purpose of the reproduction is for personal or public non commercial distribution 58 designs derived from the arms top to bottom the sovereign s flag for canada the flag of the governor general of canada the badge of the house of commons of canada all designs take elements from the arms of canada the banner of the arms was in 2023 also made the sovereign s flag 59 for use by the monarch in canada and when representing canada abroad between 1962 and 2022 the banner of arms defaced with a variant of the queen s cypher formed the queen s personal canadian flag for use by queen elizabeth ii 60 six additional personal flags for other members of the canadian royal family were created in the 2010s all using a similar design with the banner of the arms as their base the personal flag of the governor general has since 1981 featured the crest of the royal arms of canada on a blue background 61 62 with the support of former speakers of the house of commons john fraser and gilbert parent bruce hicks campaigned for the canadian parliament to have a distinct heraldic symbol along the lines of the portcullis variations of which are used by the commons and lords in the british parliament 63 in response member of parliament derek lee tabled a motion calling for a committee to be struck which passed hicks and robert watt the first chief herald of canada were called as the only two expert witnesses though senator serge joyal joined the committee ex officio on behalf of the senate the commons speaker peter milliken 64 then asked the canadian heraldic authority to design such a symbol and on 15 february 2008 the governor general authorized the house of commons to begin using a badge consisting of the shield of the royal arms superimposed on the ceremonial mace assigned to the house of commons as a symbol of the royal authority under which it operates 65 66 following the commons example the senate then requested and obtained exactly two months later a similar badge for itself with the shield of the royal arms surmounted on the mace assigned to the senate 67 blazon the heraldic blazon of canada s coat of arms as declared in the 1921 proclamation is tierced in fesse the first and second divisions containing the quarterly coat following namely 1st gules three lions passant guardant in pale or 2nd or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter flory gules 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent 4th azure three fleurs de lis or and the third division argent three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper and upon a royal helmet mantled argent doubled gules the crest that is to say on a wreath of the colours argent and gules a lion passant guardant or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf gules and for supporters on the dexter a lion rampant or holding a lance argent point or flying therefrom to the dexter the union flag and on the sinister a unicorn argent armed crined and unguled or gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto reflexed of the last and holding a like lance flying therefrom to the sinister a banner azure charged with three fleurs de lis or the whole ensigned with the imperial crown proper and below the shield upon a wreath composed of roses thistles shamrocks and lillies a scroll azure inscribed with the motto a mari usque ad mare 28 29 the circlet of the order of canada was added around the shield for limited use in 1987 and for general use in 1994 4 symbolism 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