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nt to the western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles the media that have usually been classified in the west since the renaissance as the decorative arts are extremely important in chinese art and much of the finest work was produced in large workshops or factories by essentially unknown artists especially in chinese ceramics the range and quality of goods that decorated chinese palaces and households and their inhabitants is dazzling materials came from across china and far beyond gold and silver mother of pearl ivory and rhinoceros horn wood and lacquer jade and soap stone silk and paper buddha pagoda fogong monastery yingxian china 1056 100 auspicious cranes painted by emperor huizong of a rare scene on top of a city gate on 16 january 1112 early autumn by qian xuan an example of chinese bird and flower painting 13th century a section of the famous nine dragons scroll completed in 1244 ce snowscape by ma yuan c 1160 1225 taipei national palace museum dancing and singing peasants returning from work c 1200 a painting of the gongbi style by emperor huizong a still life also of the gongbi style from the southern song dynasty birds in a bamboo and plum tree thicket 12th century li bai strolling by liang kai c 1140 c 1210 known for his minimalist works exemplifying the buddhist virtue of mindfulness mother hen and chicks song dynasty the high contrast brought on by the black background is very rare in chinese painting song duckling in the gongbi style li anzhong s bird on a branch late northern song c 1130 the yellow river breaches its course song dynasty section of eight views of xiaoxiang an imaginary tour through xiaoxiang by li shi 12th century tokyo national museum elegant rocks and sparse trees by zhao mengfu 1254 1322 early spring by guo xi 1072 hanging scroll ink on silk 1 58 x 1 08 m national palace museum taipei taiwan 101 statue of the luohan tamrabhadra one of the group of glazed pottery luohans from yixian 10th 13th century glazed terracotta height 123 cm guimet museum paris guanyin of the southern seas 11th 12th century painted and gilded wood height 2 41 m nelson atkins museum of art kansas city missouri us 102 ladies preparing silk an 8th century tang dynasty painting by zhang xuan copied and reproduced in the song dynasty ink and colours on silk 0 37 x 1 47 m museum of fine arts boston us 103 a decorative box from the southern song dynasty c 13th century cup early 17th century rhinoceros horn height 10 2 cm metropolitan museum of art ming dynasty 1403 24 cloisonné box 18th century cloisonné enamels on copper with gilt bronze 20 5 19 8 cm walters art museum baltimore maryland us japanese edit main article japanese art japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture ink painting and calligraphy on silk and paper ukiyo e paintings and woodblock prints ceramics origami and more recently manga modern japanese cartooning and comics along with a myriad of other types the first settlers of japan were the jōmon people c 11 000 300 bc they crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels clay figurines called dogū japan has been subject to sudden invasions of new ideas followed by long periods of minimal contact with the outside world over time the japanese developed the ability to absorb imitate and finally assimilate those elements of foreign culture that complemented their aesthetic preferences the earliest complex art in japan was produced in the 7th and 8th centuries in connection with buddhism in the 9th century as the japanese began to turn away from china and develop indigenous forms of expression the secular arts became increasingly important until the late 15th century both religious and secular arts flourished after the ōnin war 1467 1477 japan entered a period of political social and economic disruption that lasted for over a century in the state that emerged under the leadership of the tokugawa shogunate organized religion played a much less important role in people s lives and the arts that survived were primarily secular temple of the golden pavilion kitayama kyoto a zen buddhist temple in kyoto 1398 104 female figure c 1670 1690 porcelain with overglaze polychrome enamels height 39 7 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city noh robe 1750 1800 silk embroidery and gold leaf on silk satin length 1 66 m metropolitan museum of art 105 the great wave off kanagawa by katsushika hokusai c 1830 1832 full colour woodblock print 25 7 x 37 9 cm metropolitan museum of art 106 plum park in kameido by hiroshige 1857 full colour woodblock print 36 4 x 24 4 cm rijksmuseum amsterdam the netherlands sub saharan africa edit main article african art further information igbo art yoruba art benin art kuba art luba art and african historiography art history sub saharan african art includes both sculpture typified by the brass castings of the benin people igbo ukwu and the kingdom of ifẹ and terracottas of djenne jeno ife and the more ancient nok culture as well as folk art concurrent with the european middle ages in the eleventh century ad a nation that made grand architecture gold sculpture and intricate jewelry was founded in great zimbabwe impressive sculpture was concurrently being cast from brass by the yoruba people of what is now nigeria in the benin kingdom also of southern nigeria which began around the same time elegant altar tusks brass heads plaques of brass and palatial architecture were created the benin kingdom was ended by the british in 1897 and little of the culture s art now remains in nigeria today the most significant arts venue in africa is the johannesburg biennale sub saharan africa is characterized by a high density of cultures notable are the dogon people from mali edo yoruba igbo people and the nok civilization from nigeria kuba and luba people from central africa ashanti people from ghana zulu people from southern africa and fang people from equatorial guinea 85 cameroon and gabon the sao civilization people from chad kwele people from eastern gabon republic of the congo and cameroon the myriad forms of african art are components of some of the most vibrant and responsive artistic traditions in the world and are integral to the lives of african people created for specific purposes artworks can reveal their ongoing importance through physical transformations that enhance both their appearance and their potency many traditional african art forms are created as conduits to the spirit world and change appearance as materials are added to enhance their beauty and potency the more a work is used and blessed the more abstract it becomes with the accretion of sacrificial matter and the wearing down of original details seated figure by artists of the nok culture 5th century bc 5th century ad earthenware central nigeria height 38 cm musée du quai branly paris 107 pot from igbo ukwu nigeria 9th century bronze unknown dimensions nigerian national museum lagos bronze head sculpture of the oni obalufon ca 12th century discovered at the holy city of the yoruba yoruba ilé ifẹ̀ nigerian national museum lagos head of a king or dignitary by artists of the yoruba people 12th 15th century terracotta 19 cm discovered at ife nigeria ethnological museum of berlin germany seated figure by artists of the djenné djenno culture mali 13th century earthenware width 29 9 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 107 pendant mask by artists of the edo people nigeria 16th century ivory and iron height 24 5 cm british museum london 108 n dop king mishe mishyaang mambul by artists of the kuba kingdom democratic republic of the congo 18th century wood 49 5 cm brooklyn museum new york city 109 mandu yenu throne of nsangu by artists of the kingdom of bamun c 1870 wood beads of glass porcelain and shell height 1 75 m ethnological museum of berlin 110 royal mask by artists of the bamum people cameroon before 1880 wood copper glass beads raffia and shells height 66 cm metropolitan museum of art 109 ngaad a mwash mask by artists of the kuba people late 19th early 20th centuries wood shells glass beads raffia and pigment height 82 cm detroit institute of arts detroit michigan us 109 headrest by artists of the luba people 19th century wood height 18 5 cm musée du quai branly paris 111 oceania edit main article oceanian art oceanian art includes the geographic areas of micronesia polynesia australia new zealand and melanesia one approach treats the area thematically with foci on ancestry warfare the body gender trade religion and tourism unfortunately little ancient art survives from oceania scholars believe that this is likely because artists used perishable materials such as wood and feathers which did not survive in the tropical climate and there are no historical records to refer to most of this material the understanding of oceania s artistic cultures thus begins with the documentation of it by westerners such as captain james cook in the 18th century at the turn of the 20th century the french artist paul gauguin spent significant amounts of time in tahiti living with local people and making modern art a fact that has become intertwined with tahitian visual culture to the present day citation needed the indigenous art of australia often looks like abstract modern art but it has deep roots in local culture the art of oceania is the last great tradition of art to be appreciated by the world at large despite being one of the longest continuous traditions of art in the world dating back at least fifty millennia it remained relatively unknown until the second half of the 20th century the often ephemeral materials of aboriginal art of australia makes it difficult to determine the antiquity of the majority of the forms of art practised today the most durable forms are the multitudes of rock engravings and rock paintings which are found across the continent in the arnhem land escarpment evidence suggests that paintings were being made fifty thousand years ago antedating the palaeolithic rock paintings of altamira lascaux in europe hoa hakananai a an example of a moai c 1200 ad flow lava height 242 cm british museum london 112 statue of a a from rurutu probably 18th century wood height 117 cm british museum 113 taurapa māori canoe sternpost late 18th early 19th century wood and sheel height 148 cm musée du quai branly paris 114 australian painting of a kangaroo totemic ancestor c 1915 painting on bark 92 5 35 5 cm musée du quai branly european edit main article art of europe medieval edit main article medieval art with the decline of the roman empire from c 300 ad a period subsequently defined as the medieval era began it lasted for about a millennium until the beginning of the renaissance c 1400 early christian art typifies the early stages of this period followed by byzantine art anglo saxon art viking art ottonian art romanesque art and gothic art with islamic art dominating the eastern mediterranean medieval art grew out of the artistic heritage of the roman empire and of byzantium mixed with the barbarian artistic culture of northern europe 115 in byzantine and gothic art of the middle ages the dominance of the church resulted in a large amount of religious art there was extensive use of gold in paintings which presented figures in simplified forms byzantine edit main article byzantine art the hagia sophia istanbul turkey c 532 537 bc by anthemius of tralles and isidore of miletus 116 byzantine art consists of the body of christian greek artistic products of the eastern roman byzantine empire 117 118 as well as of the nations and states that inherited culturally from that empire though the byzantine empire itself emerged from rome s decline and lasted until the fall of constantinople in 1453 119 the start date of the byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history if still imprecise many eastern orthodox states in eastern and central europe as well as to some degree the muslim states of the eastern mediterranean preserved many aspects of the empire s culture and art for centuries afterward surviving byzantine art is mostly religious and with exceptions at certain periods is highly conventionalised following traditional models that translate carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms painting in fresco in illuminated manuscripts and on wood panels and especially in earlier periods mosaic were the main media and figurative sculpture occurred very rarely except for small carved ivories manuscript painting preserved to the end some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger works 120 byzantine art was highly prestigious and sought after in western europe where it maintained a continuous influence on medieval art until near the end of the medieval period this was especially so in italy where byzantine styles persisted in modified form through the 12th century and became formative influences on italian renaissance art but few incoming influences affected the byzantine style with the expansion of the eastern orthodox church byzantine forms and styles spread throughout the orthodox world and beyond 121 influences from byzantine architecture particularly in religious buildings can be found in diverse regions from egypt and arabia to russia and romania byzantine architecture is notorious for the use of domes it also often featured marble columns coffered ceilings and sumptuous decoration including the extensive use of mosaics with golden backgrounds the building material used by byzantine architects was no longer marble which the ancient greeks had appreciated so much the byzantines used mostly stone and brick and also thin alabaster sheets for windows mosaics were used to cover brick walls and any other surface where fresco wouldn t resist good examples of mosaics from the proto byzantine era are in hagios demetrios in thessaloniki greece the basilica of sant apollinare nuovo and the basilica of san vitale both in ravenna in italy and in hagia sophia in istanbul greco roman temples and byzantine churches differ substantially in terms of their exterior and interior aspect in antiquity the exterior was the most important part of the temple because in the interior which contained the cult statue of the deity to whom the temple was built only the priest had access temple ceremonies in antiquity took place outside and what the worshippers viewed was the facade of the temple consisting of columns with an entablature and two pediments in contrast christian liturgies played out in the interior of the churches thus the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation 122 123 christ as the good shepherd c 425 430 mosaic width c 3 m mausoleum of galla placidia ravenna italy 124 feeding of the five thousand c 520 mosaic unknown dimensions basilica of sant apollinare nuovo ravenna italy basilica of sant apollinare in classe ravenna unknown architect c 530 125 diptych leaf with a byzantine empress 6th century ivory with trac...
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