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kubota, masaaki, characteristics, 955, 0584, 8547, 80084, 1994acspb, 955n, supporting, online, material, values, upon, fundamental, domanskaya, alexandra, akimov, misochko, eugenii, hccngf, 4187, 20205379, 10138, 23938, jp1001622, 4181k, 4181, manna, debashree, ghosh, ayan, xrgco, 14292, 24295279, jp410631y, 11714282m, 14282, sheng, hydrocarbons, 7157, 16734457, ja0613355, 2006jachs, 7156s, 7156, peng, chia, chang, lun, ping, fngcc, 194303, 23181302, 4766326, 137s4303p, mohajeri, afshan, bitaab, nafiseh, investigating, 24804, yockel, gawlik, evan, wilson, angela, xngccx, xngccngx, 11268, 17880047, jp071242p, 11111261y, 11261, 6417, 1613631, 6415c, 6415, karwowska, małgorzata, fijalkowski, karol, remeš, marek, jz900274p, lockyer, hccrg, 7128, adeleke, adebayo, kunz, greenberg, eran, prakapenka, vitali, yao, yansun, stavrou, elissaios, 2524, 210511220, 1575040, osti, acsearthspacechem, 9b00212, 2019esc, 2517a, 2517, dalton, louisa, news, cooker, thibaud, jean, rouquette, jérôme, dziubek, 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ation energy of fluorine is higher than that of argon so breakup occurs thus arf ar f 125 the millimeter wave spectrum of arf between 119 0232 and 505 3155 ghz 2 518773 and 0 5932778 mm has been measured to calculate molecular constants b 0 14 878 8204 ghz d 0 28 718 khz 126 there is a possibility that a solid salt of arf could be prepared with sbf 6 or auf 6 anions 125 127 excited or ionized argon atoms can react with molecular iodine gas to yield ari 128 argon plasma is used as an ionisation source and carrier gas in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry this plasma reacts with samples to produce monatomic ions but also forms argon oxide aro and argon nitride arn cations which can cause isobaric interference with detection and measurement of iron 56 56 fe and iron 54 54 fe respectively in mass spectrometry 129 platinum present in stainless steel can form platinum argide ptar which interferes with the detection of uranium 234 which can be used as a tracer in aquifers 130 argon chloride cations can interfere with the detection of arsenic as ar 35 cl has a mass to charge ratio almost identical to that of arsenic s one stable isotope 75 as 131 in these circumstances aro may be removed by reaction with nh 3 132 alternatively electrothermal vaporization or using helium gas can avoid these interference problems 129 argon can also form an anion with chlorine arcl 133 though this is not a problem for mass spectrometry applications as only cations are detected the argon borynium ion bar is produced when bbr at energies between 9 and 11 ev reacts with argon atoms 90 of the positive charge is on the argon atom 134 arc ions can be formed when argon ions impact carbon monoxide with energies between 21 and 60 ev however more c ions are formed and when the energy is on the high side o is higher 135 arn can form when argon ions impact dinitrogen with energies between 8 2 and 41 2 ev and peaking around 35 ev however far more n 2 and n are produced 136 arxe is held together with a strength of 1445 cm 1 when it is in the x electronic state but 1013 cm 1 when it is in the b excited state 34 metal argon cations are called argides the argide ions produced during mass spectroscopy have higher intensity when the binding energy of the ion is higher transition elements have higher binding and ion flux intensity compared to main group elements argides can be formed in the plasma by excited argon atoms reacting with another element atom or by an argon atom binding with another ion ar m arm e m ar arm 137 doubly charged cations called superelectrophiles are capable of reacting with argon ions produced include arcf 2 2 arch 2 arbf 2 and arbf 2 containing bonds between argon and carbon or boron 138 doubly ionised acetylene hcch 2 reacts inefficiently with argon to yield hccar 2 this product competes with the formation of ar and argonium 139 the sif 3 2 ion reacts with argon to yield arsif 2 2 140 ion bond length å dissociation energy kj mol 5 arh 328 3 4 ev liar 137 2 343 29 0 30 ev bear 137 49 4100 cm 1 141 bar 134 2 590 210 arc 142 arn 137 3 5 208 2 16 ev 143 aro 137 arf 125 1 637 194 naar 137 19 3 mgar 137 2 88 144 14 1200 cm 1 141 alar 137 11 7 982 cm 1 145 siar 137 arp 137 ars 137 arcl 137 ar 2 137 caar 8 700 cm 1 141 scar 137 tiar 30 0 31 ev 146 var 2 65 147 35 58 d 0 2974 cm 1 144 crar 27 99 d 0 2340 cm 1 144 mnar 137 14 4 0 149 ev 146 fear 11 0 11 ev 146 coar 147 2 385 148 49 18 d 0 4111 cm 1 148 niar 54 69 d 0 4572 cm 1 144 cuar 137 51 0 53 ev 146 znar 2 72 149 24 0 25 ev 146 32 37 d 0 2706 cm 1 149 gaar 137 asar 137 rbar 150 srar 800 141 zrar 2 72 32 37 d 0 2706 cm 1 149 zrar excited state 3 050 14 10 1179 cm 1 nbar 2 677 144 37 16 d 0 3106 cm 1 144 agar 137 inar 151 ari 128 baar 7 600 cm 1 141 polyatomic cations edit metal ions can also form with more than one argon atom in a kind of argon metal cluster different sized metal ions at the centre of a cluster can fit different geometries of argons atoms around the ion 151 argides with multiple argon atoms have been detected in mass spectrometry these can have variable numbers of argon attached but there are magic numbers where the complex more commonly has a particular number either four or six argon atoms 152 these can be studied by time of flight mass spectrometer analysis and by the photodissociation spectrum other study methods include coulomb explosion analysis 153 argon tagging is a technique whereby argon atoms are weakly bound to a molecule under study it results in a much lower temperature of the tagged molecules with sharper infra red absorption lines the argon tagged molecules can be disrupted by photons of a particular wavelength 154 lithium ions add argon atoms to form clusters with more than a hundred argon atoms the clusters li ar 4 and li ar 4 are particularly stable and common calculations show that the small clusters are all quite symmetrical li ar 2 is linear li ar 3 is flat and triangular shaped with d 3h symmetry li ar 4 is tetrahedral li ar 5 could be a square pyramid or trigonal bipyramid shape li ar 6 is an octahedron shape with li at the centre li ar 7 or slightly larger clusters have a core octahedron of argon atoms with one or more triangular faces capped by other argon atoms the bonding is much weaker which explains their greater scarcity 155 sodium forms clusters with argon atoms with peaks at numbers of 8 10 16 20 23 25 and 29 and also at the icosahedral numbers of 47 50 57 60 63 77 80 116 and 147 argon atoms this includes the square antiprism 8 and the capped square antiprism 10 atoms 151 in ti ar 1 n the argon atoms induce a mixing of the ground electronic state of 3d 2 4s 1 with 3d 3 4s 0 when a plasma of titanium in expanding argon gas is made via a laser clusters from ti ar up to ti ar 50 are formed but ti ar 6 is much more common than all the others in this the six argon atoms are arranged in an octahedron shape around the central titanium ion for ti ar 2 dft calculations predict it is linear ti ar 3 is not even flat and has one short and two longer ti ar bonds ti ar 4 is a distorted tetrahedron with one longer ti ar bond ti ar 5 is an asymmetrical trigonal bipyramid shape with one bond shorter for clusters with seven or more argon atoms the structure contains a ti ar 6 octahedron with triangular faces capped by more argon atoms 156 cu ar 2 is predicted to be linear cu ar 3 is predicted to be planar t shaped with an ar cu ar angle of 93 cu ar 4 is predicted to be rhombic planar not square or tetrahedral for alkali and alkaline earth metals the m ar 4 cluster is tetrahedral cu ar 5 is predicted to have a rhombic pyramid shape cu ar 6 has a flattened octahedral shape cu ar 7 is much less stable and the seventh argon atom is outside an inner shell of six argon atoms this is called capped octahedral a complete second shell of argon atoms yields cu ar 34 above this number a structural change takes place with an icosahedral arrangement with cu ar 55 and cu ar 146 having more stability 157 with a strontium ion sr from two to eight argon atoms can form clusters sr ar 2 has a triangle shape with c 2 v symmetry sr ar 3 has a trigonal pyramid shape with c 3 v symmetry sr ar 4 has two trigonal pyramids sharing a face and strontium at the common apex it has a c 2 v symmetry sr ar 6 has a pentagonal pyramid of argon atoms with the strontium atom below the base 158 niobium tetraargide nb ar 4 probably has the argon atoms arranged in a square around the niobium similarly for vanadium tetraargide v ar 4 the hexaargides co ar 6 and rh ar 6 likely have octahedral argon arrangement 152 indium monocation forms clusters with multiple argon with magic numbers at 12 18 22 25 28 45 and 54 and 70 argon atoms which are numbers for icosahedral shapes 151 by zapping copper metal with a uv laser in an argon carbon monoxide mixture argon tagged copper carbonyl cations are formed these ions can be studied by observing which wavelengths of infrared radiation cause the molecules to break up these molecular ions include cuco ar cu co 2 ar cu co 3 ar cu co 4 ar which are respectively disrupted to lose argon by infrared wavenumbers 2216 2221 2205 and 2194 cm 1 respectively the argon binding energy is respectively 16 3 1 01 0 97 and 0 23 kcal 68 20 4 23 4 06 and 0 96 kj mol 1 the infrared absorption peak for cu co 3 ar is 2205 cm 1 compared to 2199 cm 1 for cu co 3 ar for cu co 4 ar the peak is at 2198 cm 1 compared to 2193 for cu co 4 for cu co 2 ar the peak is at 2221 cm 1 compared to 2218 3 for argon free and for cuco ar the peak is at 2216 cm 1 considerably different to 2240 6 cm 1 for cuco computationally predicted shapes for these molecular ions are linear for cuco ar slightly bent t shaped for cu co 2 ar and a trigonal pyramid with argon at the top and a flat star like copper tricarbonyl forming the base 159 ions studied by argon tagging include the hydrated proton h h 2 o n ar with n 2 to 5 160 hydrated 18 crown 6 ether alkali metal ions 161 hydrated alkali metal ions 162 transition metal acetylene complexes 163 protonated ethylene 164 and iro 4 165 argon methyl cations or methyliumargon ar x ch 3 are known for n 1 to 8 ch 3 is a y shape and when argon atoms are added they go above and below the plane of the y if more argon atoms are added they line up with the hydrogen atoms δ h 0 for arch 3 is 11 kcal 46 kj mol 1 and δ r h 0 is 13 5 kcal 56 kj mol 1 for 2 ar ch 3 ar 2 ch 3 166 boroxyl ring cationic complexes with argon arb 3 o 4 arb 3 o 5 arb 4 o 6 and arb 5 o 7 were prepared via a laser vaporization at cryogenic temperatures and investigated by infrared gas phase spectroscopy 3 they were the first large stable gas phase complexes that feature strong dative bonding between argon and boron dications edit dications with argon are known for the coinage metals known dications include cuar n 2 and agar n 2 for n 1 8 with a peak occurrence of cuar 4 2 or agar 4 2 and auar n 2 n 3 7 in addition to the four argon atoms the six argon atoms clusters have enhanced concentration the stability of the ions with two positive charges is unexpected as the ionization energy of argon is lower than the second ionization energy of the metal atom so the positive second charge on the metal atom should move to the argon ionizing it and then forming a highly repulsive molecule that undergoes a coulomb explosion however these molecules appear to be kinetically stable and to transfer the charge to an argon atom they have to pass through a higher energy state 167 the clusters with four argon atoms are expected to be square planar and those with six to be octahedral distorted by the jahn teller effect ion metal first ionization energy ev metal second ionization ev binding energy ev 167 dissociation energy kj mol bond length å cu 2 ar 7 73 20 29 0 439 2 4 ag 2 ar 7 58 21 5 0 199 2 6 au 2 ar 9 22 20 5 0 670 2 6 polyatomic anions edit ball and stick model of the complex of superelectrophilic anion b 12 cn 11 with ar b 12 core has nearly icosahedral symmetry b pink c grey n dark blue ar blue examples of anions containing strong bonds with noble gases are extremely rare generally nucleophilic nature of anions results in their inability to bind to noble gases with their negative electron affinity however the 2017 discovery of superelectrophilic anions 168 gas phase fragmentation products of closo dodecaborates led to the observation of stable anionic compounds containing a boron noble gas bond with significant degree of covalent interaction the most reactive superelectrophilic anion b 12 cn 11 fragmentation product of cyanated cluster b 12 cn 12 2 was reported to bind argon spontaneously at room temperature 4 solid compounds edit armand gautier noticed that rock contained argon and also nitrogen that was liberated when the rock was dissolved in acid 169 however how the argon was combined in rock was ignored by the scientific community 170 fullerene solvates edit solid buckminsterfullerene has small spaces between the c 60 balls under 200 mpa 2 000 atm pressure and 200 c 473 k heat for 12 hours argon can be intercalated into the solid to form crystalline ar 1 c 60 once this cools down it is stable at standard conditions for months argon atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites the crystalline lattice size is almost unchanged at room temperature but is slightly larger than pure c 60 below 8 c 265 k however argon does stop the buckyballs spinning below 23 c 250 k a lower temperature than in pure c 60 171 solid c 70 fullerene will also absorb argon under pressure of 200 mpa and at a temperature of 200 c 473 k c 70 ar has argon in octahedral sites and has the rock salt structure with cubic crystals in which the lattice parameter is 15 001 å this compares to the pure c 70 lattice parameter of 14 964 å so the argon forces the crystals to expand slightly the c 70 ellipsoidal balls rotate freely in the solid they are not locked into position by extra argon atoms filling the holes argon gradually escapes over a couple of days when the solid is stored at standard conditions so that c 70 ar is less stable than c 60 ar this is likely to be due to the shape and internal rotation allowing channels through which ar atoms can move 172 when fullerenes are dissolved and crystallized from toluene solids may form with toluene included as part of the crystal however if this crystallization is performed under a high pressure argon atmosphere toluene is not included being replaced by argon the argon is then removed from the resultant crystal by heating to produce unsolvated solid fullerene 173 clathrate edit argon forms a clathrate with hydroquinone hoc 6 h 4 oh 3 ar 174 when crystallised from benzene under a pressure of 2 0 mpa 20 atm of argon a well defined structure containing argon results 175 an argon phenol clathrate 4c 6 h 5 oh ar is also known it has a binding energy of 40 kj 9 6 kcal mol 1 170 other substituted phenols can also crystallise with argon 174 the argon water clathrate is described in the section on aqueous argon argon difluoride edit argon difluoride arf 2 is predicted to be stable at pressures over 57 gpa it should be an electrical insulator 176 ne 2 ar and ar 2 ne edit at around 4 k there are two phases where neon and argon are mixed as a solid ne 2 ar and ar 2 ne 177 with kr solid argon forms a disorganized mixture 178 arh 4 edit under high pressure stoichiometric solids are formed with hydrogen and oxygen ar h 2 2 and ar o 2 3 179 ar h 2 2 crystallises in the hexagonal c14 mgzn 2 laves phase it is stable to at least 200 gpa but is predicted to change at 250 gpa to an alb 2 structure at even higher pressures the hydrogen molecules should break up followed by metallization 179 aro and aro 6 edit oxygen and argon under pressure at room temperature form several different alloys with different crystal structures argon atoms and oxygen molecules are similar in size so that a greater range of miscibility occurs compared to other gas mixtures solid argon can dissolve up to 5 oxygen without changing structur...
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