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tering semaphore line visible light communication volta laboratory and bureau references edit footnotes the demonstration model was a replica in principle but not identical to bell and tainter s model the commemorative model transmitter was a thin mirror cemented to a short aluminum speaking tube and its receiver was a silicon solar cell and audio amplifier both installed in a lantern light housing citations bruce 1990 pg 336 jones newell first radio built by san diego resident partner of inventor of telephone keeps notebook of experiences with bell archived 2002 02 19 at the wayback machine san diego evening tribune july 31 1937 retrieved from the university of san diego history department website november 26 2009 bruce 1990 pg 338 1 2 carson 2007 pg 76 78 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 groth mike photophones revisted amateur radio magazine wireless institute of australia melbourne april 1987 pp 12 17 and may 1987 pp 13 17 1 2 mims 1982 p 11 phillipson donald j c and neilson laura bell alexander graham the canadian encyclopedia online retrieved 2009 08 06 1 2 mims 1982 p 14 morgan tim j the fiber optic backbone university of north texas 2011 miller stewart e lightwaves and telecommunication american scientist sigma xi the scientific research society january february 1984 vol 72 no 1 pp 66 71 issue stable url 1 2 gallardo arturo mims iii forrest m fiber optic communication began 130 years ago san antonio express news june 21 2010 accessed january 1 2013 clark j an introduction to communications with optical carriers ieee students quarterly journal june 1966 vol 36 iss 144 pp 218 222 issn 0039 2871 doi 10 1049 sqj 1966 0040 retrieved from ieeexplore website august 19 2011 bell alexander graham 28 may 1881 the production of sound by radiant energy science 2 48 242 253 doi 10 1126 science os 2 49 242 jstor 2900190 pmid 17741736 retrieved 11 oct 2022 bell alexander graham on the production and reproduction of speech by light american journal of science october 1880 vol 20 no 118 pp 305 324 grosvenor and wesson 1997 p 104 ernest victor heyn fire of genius inventors of the past century based on the files of popular science monthly since its founding in 1872 anchor press doubleday 1976 page 74 mims 1982 pp 6 7 mims 1982 p 7 mims 1982 p 10 1 2 mims 1982 p 12 editorial the new york times august 30 1880 international fiber optics communication june 1986 p 29 carson 2007 pg 77 1 2 bruce 1990 pg 337 bruce 1990 pg 339 hecht jeff fiber optics calls up the past new scientist january 12 1984 pp 12 13 carson 2007 pp 77 78 carson 2007 pg 78 cover page technical world march 1905 correspondence wireless telephony october 30 1902 letter from ernst ruhmer the electrician november 7 1902 page 111 wireless telephony in theory and practice by ernst ruhmer 1908 pages 55 59 mims 1982 pp 14 17 hecht jeff yarns from the technological jungle siliconnections coming of age in the electronic era new scientist february 27 1986 pp 50 51 mims 1982 pp 6 12 bibliography carson mary kay 2007 chapter 8 alexander graham bell giving voice to the world sterling biographies new york sterling publishing co inc pp 76 78 isbn 978 1 4027 3230 0 oclc 182527281 bell a g on the production and reproduction of sound by light american journal of science third series vol xx 118 october 1880 pp 305 324 also published as selenium and the photophone in nature september 1880 bruce robert v bell alexander bell and the conquest of solitude ithaca new york cornell university press 1990 isbn 0 8014 9691 8 mims iii forest m the first century of lightwave communications fiber optics weekly update information gatekeepers february 10 26 1982 pp 6 23 grosvenor edwin s and morgan wesson alexander graham bell the life and times of the man who invented the telephone new york harry n abrahms inc 1997 isbn 0 8109 4005 1 further reading edit chris long and mike groth s optical audio telecommunications webpage ackroyd william the photophone in science for all vol 2 r brown ed cassell co london circa 1884 pp 307 312 a popular account profusely illustrated with steel engravings armengaud j le photophone de m graham bell soc ing civ mem year 1880 vol 2 pp 513 522 at t company the radiophone pamphlet distributed at louisiana purchase exhibition st louis missouri 1904 describes the photophone work of hammond v hayes at the bell labs patented 1897 and the german engineer h t simon in the same year bell alexander graham on the production and reproduction of sound by light the photophone am ass for the advancement of sci proc vol 29 october 1880 pp 115 136 also in american journal of science series 3 no 20 1880 pp 305 324 eng l 30 1880 pp 240 242 electrician vol 5 1880 pp 214 215 220 221 237 journal of the society of telegraph engineers no 9 1880 pp 404 426 nat l vol 22 1880 pp 500 503 ann chim phys serie 5 vol 21 1880 pp 399 430 e t z vol 1 1880 pp 391 396 discussed at length in eng l vol 30 1880 pp 253 254 407 409 in these papers bell accords the credit for the first demonstrations of the transmission of speech by light to a mr a c brown of london in september or october 1878 bell alexander graham sur l application du photophone a l etude des bruits qui ont lieu a la surface solaire c r vol 91 1880 pp 726 727 bell alexander graham professor a g bell on selenium and the photophone pharm j and trans series 3 vol 11 1880 1881 pp 272 276 the electrician no 5 18 september 1880 pp 220 221 and 2 october 1880 pp 237 nature london vol 22 23 september 1880 pp 500 503 engineering vol 30 pp 240 242 253 254 407 409 and journal of the society of telegraph engineers vol 9 pp 375 387 bell alexander graham other papers on the photophone e t z no 1 1880 pp 391 396 journal of the society for the arts 1880 no 28 pp 847 848 no 29 pp 60 62 c r no 91 1880 1881 pp 595 598 726 727 929 931 982 1882 pp 409 412 450 451 1224 1227 bell alexander graham le photophone de la production et de la lumiere gauthier villars imprimeur libraire paris 1880 note this is item 26 folder 4 as noted in finding aid for the alexander graham bell collection 1880 1925 collection number 308 ucla library department of special collections manuscripts division as viewable at the online archive of california bell s photophone nature vol 24 4 november 1880 the electrician vol 6 1881 pp 136 138 appleton s journal the photophone appleton s journal vol 10 no 56 new york february 1881 pp 181 182 bidwell shelford the photophone nature 23 1881 pp 58 59 bidwell shelford selenium and its applications to the photophone and telephotography proceedings of the royal institution g b vol 9 1881 pp 524 535 the english mechanic and world of science vol 33 22 april 1881 pp 158 159 and 29 april 1881 pp 180 181 also in chem news vol 44 1881 pp 1 3 18 21 from a lecture at the royal institution on 11 march 1881 breguet a les recepteurs photophoniques de selenium ann chim phys series 5 vol 21 1880 pp 560 563 breguet a sur les experiences photophonique du professeur alexander graham bell et de m sumner tainter c r vol 91 1880 pp 595 598 electrician bell s photophone electrician vol 6 february 5 1881 pp 136 138 183 jamieson andrew nat l vol 10 1881 p 11 this glasgow scientist seems to have been the first to suggest the usage of a manometric gas flame for optical transmission demonstrated at a meeting of the glasgow philosophical society the history of selenium and its action in the bell photophone with description of recently designed form proceedings of the philosophical society of glasgow no 13 1881 moser j the microphonic action of selenium cells phys soc proc vol 4 1881 pp 348 360 also in phil mag series 5 vol 12 1881 pp 212 223 kalischer s photophon ohne batterie rep f phys vol 17 1881 pp 563 570 mackenzie catherine alexander graham bell houghton mifflin company boston p 226 1928 mercadier e la radiophonie indirecte lumiere electrique vol 4 1881 pp 295 299 mercadier e sur la radiophonie produite a l aide du selenium c r vol 92 1881 pp 705 707 mercadier e sur la construction de recepteurs photophoniques a selenium c r vol 92 1881 pp 789 790 mercadier e sur l influence de la temperature sur les recepteurs radiophoniques a selenium c r vol 92 1881 pp 1407 1408 molera cebrian the photophone eng l vol 31 1881 p 358 preece sir william h radiophony engineering vol 32 8 july 1881 pp 29 33 journal of the society of telegraph engineers vol 10 1881 pp 212 228 on the photophone rankine a o talking over a sunbeam el exp n y vol 7 1920 pp 1265 1316 sternberg j m the volta prize of the french academy awarded to prof alexander graham bell a talk with dr j m sternberg the evening traveler september 1 1880 the alexander graham bell papers at the library of congress thompson silvanus p notes on the construction of the photophone phys soc proc vol 4 1881 pp 184 190 also in phil mag vol 11 1881 pp 286 291 abstracted in chem news vol 43 1881 p 43 eng l vol 31 1881 p 96 tomlinson h the photophone nat l vol 23 1881 pp 457 458 u s radio and television corp ultra violet rays used in television new york times 29 may 1929 p 5 demonstration of transmission of a low definition mechanically scanned video signal over a modulated light beam terminal stations 50 feet apart public demonstration at bamberger and company s store newark new jersey earliest known usage of modulated light comms for conveying video signals see also report invisible ray transmits pictures in science and invention november 1929 vol 17 p 629 white r h photophone harmsworth s wireless encyclopaedia vol 3 pp 1541 1544 weinhold a herstellung von selenwiderstanden fur photophonzwecke e t z vol 1 1880 p 423 external links edit look up photophone in wiktionary the free dictionary bell s speech before the american association for the advancement of science in boston on august 27 1880 in which he presented his paper on the production and reproduction of sound by light the photophone long distance atmospheric optical communications by chris long and mike groth vk7mj téléphone et photophone les contributions indirectes de graham bell à l idée de la vision à distance par l électricité 1880 1895 in french v t e alexander graham bell life and family beinn bhreagh nova scotia bell house virginia bras d or lake hubbard bell grossman pillot memorial second international congress on education of the deaf telephone cases family alexander melville bell chichester bell david fairchild graham fairchild edwin s grosvenor gilbert hovey grosvenor gilbert m grosvenor mabel h grosvenor melville bell grosvenor gardiner greene hubbard mabel gardiner hubbard kendall myers people walter seymour allward marcellus bailey thomas cowherd glenn curtiss anthony pollok thomas selfridge thomas a watson charles williams jr works aea cygnet aea june bug aea red wing aea silver dart aea white wing aerial experiment association alexander graham bell association for the deaf and hard of hearing bell boatyard bell oionus i bell system bell telephone company canadian aerodrome baddeck no 1 and no 2 canadian aerodrome company clarke schools for hearing and speech dictation machine edison gower bell telephone company of europe elisha gray and alexander bell telephone controversy graphophone hd 4 hubbard monoplane life extension institute national geographic society national telephone company new england telephone and telegraph company oriental telephone company phonograph cylinder photophone volta laboratory and bureau tributes alexander graham bell national historic site alexander graham bell school illinois alexander graham bell honors and tributes bell homestead national historic site bell telephone memorial graham bell island hmcs bras d or ieee alexander graham bell medal pioneers a volunteer network the story of alexander graham bell 1939 film the sound and the silence 1992 film category v t e optical telecommunication basic smoke signal beacon hydraulic telegraph ships flags optical telegraph heliograph signal lamp photophone advanced fiber optics optical fiber cable connectors optical wireless free space visible light li fi in space consumer ir optical transport network technologies oc rates intensity modulation modulating retro reflector category portal v t e telephony types landline mobile telephony cable telephony photophone accessories answering machine caller id connectivity cable protection system cellular network communications satellites fibre optical free space optical isdn mobile phone signal pots pstn submarine cables telecommunication circuit telephone exchange business telephone system telephone network voip calls missed call misdialed call nuisance call phone tag call screening calling telephone mobile phone satellite phone payphone call setup clearing dialling dial tone direct distance dialing dtmf signaling international direct dialing pulse dialing push button telephone rotary dial telephone keypad operator assistance numbers telephone directory telephone exchange names telephone number emergency telephone number toll free telephone number telephone numbering plan vertical service code applications fax transmission telephone calls international call local call long distance calling telephone newspapers théâtrophone video calls history history of the telephone invention of the telephone timeline of the telephone history of mobile phones history of videotelephony carrier telephony party line phreaking telephone switchboard switchboard operator telecommunication portal telephones portal v t e telecommunications history beacon broadcasting cable protection system cable tv communications satellite computer network data compression audio dct image video digital media internet video online video platform social media streaming drums edholm s law electrical telegraph fax heliographs hydraulic telegraph information age information revolution internet mass media mobile phone smartphone optical telecommunication optical telegraphy pager photophone prepaid mobile phone radio radiotelephone satellite communications semaphore phryctoria semiconductor device mosfet transistor smoke signals telecommunications history telautograph telegraphy teleprinter teletype telephone history the telephone cases television digital streaming undersea telegraph line videotelephony whistled language wireless revolution pioneers nasir ahmed edwin howard armstrong mohamed m atalla john logie baird paul baran john bardeen alexander graham bell emile berliner tim berners lee francis blake jagadish chandra bose charles bourseul walter houser brattain vint cerf claude chappe yogen dalal donald davies daniel davis jr amos dolbear thomas edison philo farnsworth reginald fessenden lee de forest elisha gray oliver heaviside robert hooke erna schneider hoover harold hopkins gardiner greene hubbard bob kahn dawon kahng charles k kao narinder singh kapany hedy lamarr roberto landell innocenzo manzetti guglielmo marconi robert metcalfe antonio meucci samuel morse jun ichi nishizawa charles grafton page radia perlman alexander stepanovich popov tivadar puskás johann philipp reis claude shannon almon brown...
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