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halopropane, gasoline, dichloromethane, cryofluorane, butylene, aliflurane, acetone, tracazolate, ici, 190, 622, etazolate, cartazolate, pyrazolopyridines, thymol, 23684, viqualine, 90042, 89843a, 023, tgsc01aa, 3228, 205, 384, rwj, 51204, rod, pipequaline, 11821, 11394, 2710, 2664, miltirone, rosmariquinone, ro41, 3696, 838, 417, 1232, imepitoin, gbld, 345, enx, 023b, elb, 139, ctp, 354, 615, 218, 20625, 13767, 9896, 8216, axs, baer, azd, 7325, adipiplon, taniplon, panadiplon, ocinaplon, lorediplon, fasiplon, divaplon, pyrazolopyrimidines, alpidem, imidazopyridines, cyclopyrrolones, thdoc, testosterone, 689, 324, 105, prax, posovolone, 185, 21465, nora, 520, lpcn, 1154, etx, 155, etiocholanolone, dht, dhdoc, hydrocortisone, cortisol, cholesterol, anabolic, androgenic, androstenol, androstanediol, yangonin, dihydromethysticin, methysticin, dehydromethysticin, tetrahydroyangonin, dihydrokavain, hydroxykavain, kavain, methoxy, hydroxydehydrokavain, desmethoxyyangonin, hydroxyyangonin, 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dirazepate, carfluzepate, elfazepam, dimdazenil, diclazepam, demoxepam, delorazepam, cyprazepam, 1414s, cloxazolam, clotiazepam, clorazepate, cloniprazepam, clazolam, cinazepam, ciclotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, carburazepam, camazepam, bromazolam, bretazenil, bentazepam, avizafone, arfendazam, alprazolam, adinazolam, hydroxyphenazepam, oxoquazepam, valofane, thiobutabarbital, thialbarbital, tetrabarbital, spirobarbital, sigmodal, proxibarbital, propallylonal, probarbital, primidone, phetharbital, nealbarbital, methylphenobarbital, methitural, metharbital, methallatal, hexethal, heptobarbital, eterobarb, enallylpropymal, cyclopentobarbital, crotylbarbital, carbubarb, butallylonal, buthalital, butalbital, secbutabarbital, brophebarbital, brallobarbital, benzylbutylbarbiturate, benzobarbital, barbexaclone, alphenal, dmbb, propanol, methanol, menthol, isopropanol, isobutanol, alcoholic, drink, cloretone, pharmacodynamics, valnoctamide, umb68, tributyrin, htp, oxitriptan, hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, phemerazole, pellotine, passion, flower, midaflur, metaxalone, mephenoxalone, mephenesin, chlorphenesin, relaxants, guaifenesin, tiagabine, fenadiazole, evoxine, metamizil, phenaglycodol, metaglycodol, fenpentadiol, chlorophenylalkyldiols, zenivol, cannabidiol, nabilone, dronabinol, cannabis, cannabinoids, pregabalin, mirogabalin, enacarbil, atagabalin, vdcc, suvorexant, lemborexant, daridorexant, orexin, tasimelteon, ramelteon, agomelatine, niaprazine, xylazine, tizanidine, tasipimidine, romifidine, medetomidine, lofexidine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, adrenergic, nefazodone, etoperidone, propiomazine, promethazine, pheniramine, perlapine, methapyrilene, hydroxyzine, doxylamine, diphenhydramine, cyproheptadine, captodiame, antihistamines, valiloxybate, 10172, tolibut, jzp, 386, gvl, gbl, oxybate, ghb, gabob, aceburic, fluorophenibut, butanediol, sesquiterpene, muscimol, kavalactones, nitemazepam, proxibarbal, mephobarbital, n05c, never, market, withdrawn, arylcyclohexylamines, sufentanil, remifentanil, phenoperidine, alfentanil, fentanyl, embutramide, anileridine, oxycodone, thiomethoxyflurane, inhalational, n01a, vassallo, susi, vol, issue, 957, 968, fordham, urban, archive, media, bennetts, 7547061, thatcher, 1984, 1953, lippincott, 8240, 6525, emphasis, specialist, chapter, illegal, 1966, 5175948, point, part, steinhaus, anesthesiologists, asa, investigator, uncompromising, scientific, honesty, month, pereda, gómez, cambronero, alberola, fabregat, cerdá, escobar, 2006, 16953192, 1978439, 0706871, 450, oedema, james, hift, 2000, 10928003, porphyrias, emedicinehealth, webmd, rxlist, avram, krejcie, henthorn, 1990, 411, 2310019, 199003000, 00002, 403, relationship, concurrent, disposition, indocyanine, green, bory, chantin, boulieu, cotte, berthier, fraisse, 1986, determination, urine, liquid, chromatography, spectrometry, 3093002
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gaul s beker f fink rh adams dj january 2005 intravenous anaesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediated currents and ca2 transients in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons british journal of pharmacology 144 1 98 107 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0705942 pmc 1575970 pmid 15644873 franks np lieb wr november 1998 which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia toxicology letters 100 101 1 2 1 8 doi 10 1016 s0378 4274 98 00158 1 pmid 10049127 anesthesia and analgesia university of virginia school of medicine archived from the original on 18 may 2007 retrieved 5 august 2007 pilkington e 28 september 2010 us executions delayed by shortage of death penalty drug guardian retrieved 18 june 2022 welsh huggins a 21 january 2011 key death penalty drug discontinued by u s maker nbc news retrieved 18 june 2022 solomon d 27 october 2015 the fda confiscated a supply of execution drugs texas is thought to have imported illegally texas monthly retrieved 10 march 2021 winters wd spector e wallach dp shideman fe july 1955 metabolism of thiopental s35 and thiopental 2 c14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite the journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 114 3 343 57 pmid 13243246 dead link bory c chantin c boulieu r cotte j berthier jc fraisse d et al 1986 use of thiopental in man determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry comptes rendus de l académie des sciences série iii in french 303 1 7 12 pmid 3093002 avram m krejcie t henthorn t 1990 the relationship of age to the pharmacokinetics of early drug distribution the concurrent disposition of thiopental and indocyanine green anesthesiology 72 3 403 411 doi 10 1097 00000542 199003000 00002 pmid 2310019 pentothal rxlist webmd 15 november 2021 retrieved 18 june 2023 pentothal thiopental emedicinehealth 12 april 2009 archived from the original on 18 january 2015 retrieved 15 october 2010 james mf hift rj july 2000 porphyrias british journal of anaesthesia 85 1 143 53 doi 10 1093 bja 85 1 143 pmid 10928003 pereda j gómez cambronero l alberola a fabregat g cerdá m escobar j et al october 2006 co administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats british journal of pharmacology 149 4 450 5 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0706871 pmc 1978439 pmid 16953192 this month in anesthesia history march anesthesia history association archived from the original on 1 may 2011 steinhaus je september 2001 the investigator and his uncompromising scientific honesty asa newsletter 65 9 american society of anesthesiologists 7 9 archived from the original on 13 may 2011 lundy js april 1966 from this point in time some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia the journal of the american association of nurse anesthetists 34 2 american association of nurse anesthetists 95 102 pmid 5175948 archived from the original on 1 may 2011 thatcher vs 1984 1953 chapter 7 illegal or legal history of anesthesia with emphasis on the nurse specialist j b lippincott isbn 0 8240 6525 5 archived from the original pdf on 1 may 2011 bennetts fe september 1995 thiopentone anaesthesia at pearl harbor british journal of anaesthesia 75 3 366 8 doi 10 1093 bja 75 3 366 pmid 7547061 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to sodium thiopental vassallo susi m d thiopental in lethal injection archive fordham urban law journal vol 35 issue 4 june 18 2008 pp 957 968 v t e general anesthetics n01a inhalational chloroform cyclopropane desflurane diethyl ether enflurane ethylene fluroxene halothane isoflurane methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitrous oxide sevoflurane trichloroethylene thiomethoxyflurane vinyl ether xenon injection phenols cipepofol ciprofol fospropofol propofol barbiturates amobarbital hexobarbital methohexital narcobarbital thiamylal thiopental thiotetrabarbital benzodiazepines midazolam diazepam lorazepam remimazolam opioids morphine oxycodone anileridine embutramide fentanyl alfentanil phenoperidine remifentanil sufentanil arylcyclohexylamines esketamine ketamine phencyclidine tiletamine neuroactive steroids alfadolone alfaxalone hydroxydione others etomidate propoxate metomidate propanidid who em withdrawn from market clinical trials phase iii never to phase iii v t e hypnotics sedatives n05c gaba a alcohols 2m2b chloralodol ethanol alcohol diethylpropanediol ethchlorvynol methylpentynol trichloroethanol barbiturates allobarbital amobarbital aprobarbital barbital butabarbital butobarbital cyclobarbital ethallobarbital heptabarb hexobarbital mephobarbital methohexital narcobarbital pentobarbital phenallymal phenobarbital propylbarbital proxibarbal reposal secobarbital talbutal thiamylal thiopental thiotetrabarbital vinbarbital vinylbital benzodiazepines brotizolam cinolazepam climazolam clobazam clonazolam doxefazepam estazolam flubromazolam flunitrazolam flunitrazepam flurazepam flutemazepam flutoprazepam loprazolam lormetazepam midazolam nimetazepam nitemazepam nitrazepam nitrazolam quazepam temazepam triazolam carbamates carisoprodol emylcamate ethinamate hexapropymate meprobamate methocarbamol phenprobamate procymate tybamate imidazoles etomidate metomidate propoxate monoureides acecarbromal apronal apronalide bromisoval capuride carbromal ectylurea neurosteroids acebrochol alfadolone alfaxolone brexanolone allopregnanolone eltanolone pregnanolone ganaxolone hydroxydione minaxolone progesterone renanolone zuranolone nonbenzodiazepines eszopiclone indiplon lirequinil necopidem pagoclone pazinaclone saripidem suproclone suriclone zaleplon zolpidem zopiclone phenols cipepofol ciprofol fospropofol propofol propofol hemisuccinate piperidinediones glutethimide methyprylon piperidione pyrithyldione quinazolinones afloqualone cloroqualone diproqualone etaqualone mebroqualone mecloqualone methaqualone methylmethaqualone nitromethaqualone sl 164 others acetophenone acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate bromide compounds lithium bromide potassium bromide sodium bromide centalun chloral betaine chloral hydrate chloralose clomethiazole dichloralphenazone gaboxadol thip ibotenic acid amanita muscaria kavalactones loreclezole muscimol amanita muscaria paraldehyde petrichloral sesquiterpene isovaleramide isovaleric acid valerenic acid sulfonylalkanes sulfonmethane sulfonal tetronal trional triclofos gaba b 1 4 butanediol 4 fluorophenibut aceburic acid baclofen gabob ghb sodium oxybate gbl gvl jzp 386 phenibut tolibut valiloxybate xw 10172 h 1 antihistamines captodiame cyproheptadine diphenhydramine doxylamine hydroxyzine methapyrilene perlapine pheniramine promethazine propiomazine antidepressants serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors etoperidone nefazodone trazodone tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline doxepin trimipramine etc tetracyclic antidepressants mianserin mirtazapine etc antipsychotics typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine thioridazine etc atypical antipsychotics olanzapine quetiapine risperidone etc α 2 adrenergic clonidine detomidine dexmedetomidine lofexidine medetomidine romifidine tasipimidine tizanidine xylazine 5 ht 2a antidepressants trazodone tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline doxepin trimipramine etc tetracyclic antidepressants mianserin mirtazapine etc antipsychotics typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine thioridazine etc atypical antipsychotics olanzapine quetiapine risperidone etc others niaprazine melatonin agomelatine melatonin ramelteon tasimelteon orexin daridorexant lemborexant suvorexant α 2 δ vdcc atagabalin baclofen gabapentin gabapentin enacarbil mirogabalin phenibut pregabalin others cannabinoids e g cannabis tetrahydrocannabinol dronabinol nabilone cannabidiol zenivol chlorophenylalkyldiols fenpentadiol metaglycodol phenaglycodol diethylpropanediol metamizil evoxine fenadiazole gaba reuptake inhibitors e g tiagabine guaifenesin related muscle relaxants chlorphenesin mephenesin mephenoxalone metaxalone methocarbamol midaflur opioids e g morphine passion flower pellotine phemerazole scopolamine serotonin precursors e g tryptophan 5 hydroxytryptophan 5 htp oxitriptan trazodone tributyrin umb68 valnoctamide pharmacodynamics v t e gaba a receptor positive modulators alcohols brometone butanol chloralodol chlorobutanol cloretone ethanol alcohol alcoholic drink ethchlorvynol isobutanol isopropanol menthol methanol methylpentynol pentanol petrichloral propanol tert butanol 2m2p tert pentanol 2m2b tribromoethanol trichloroethanol triclofos trifluoroethanol barbiturates dmbb allobarbital alphenal amobarbital aprobarbital barbexaclone barbital benzobarbital benzylbutylbarbiturate brallobarbital brophebarbital butabarbital secbutabarbital butalbital buthalital butobarbital butallylonal carbubarb crotylbarbital cyclobarbital cyclopentobarbital difebarbamate enallylpropymal ethallobarbital eterobarb febarbamate heptabarb heptobarbital hexethal hexobarbital methallatal metharbital methitural methohexital methylphenobarbital narcobarbital nealbarbital pentobarbital phenallymal phenobarbital phetharbital primidone probarbital propallylonal propylbarbital proxibarbital reposal secobarbital sigmodal spirobarbital talbutal tetrabamate tetrabarbital thialbarbital thiamylal thiobarbital thiobutabarbital thiopental thiotetrabarbital valofane vinbarbital vinylbital benzodiazepines 2 oxoquazepam 3 hydroxyphenazepam adinazolam alprazolam arfendazam avizafone bentazepam bretazenil bromazepam bromazolam brotizolam camazepam carburazepam chlordiazepoxide ciclotizolam cinazepam cinolazepam clazolam climazolam clobazam clonazepam clonazolam cloniprazepam clorazepate clotiazepam cloxazolam cp 1414s cyprazepam delorazepam demoxepam diazepam diclazepam dimdazenil doxefazepam elfazepam estazolam ethyl carfluzepate ethyl dirazepate ethyl loflazepate etizolam fg 8205 fletazepam flubromazepam flubromazolam fludiazepam flunitrazepam flunitrazolam flurazepam flutazolam flutemazepam flutoprazepam fosazepam gidazepam halazepam haloxazolam iclazepam imidazenil irazepine ketazolam lofendazam lopirazepam loprazolam lorazepam lormetazepam meclonazepam medazepam menitrazepam metaclazepam mexazolam midazolam motrazepam n desalkylflurazepam nifoxipam nimetazepam nitrazepam nitrazepate nitrazolam nordazepam nortetrazepam oxazepam oxazolam phenazepam pinazepam pivoxazepam prazepam premazepam proflazepam pyrazolam qh ii 66 quazepam reclazepam remimazolam rilmazafone ripazepam ro48 6791 ro48 8684 sh 053 r ch3 2 f sulazepam temazepam tetrazepam tolufazepam triazolam triflubazam triflunordazepam ro5 2904 tuclazepam uldazepam zapizolam zolazepam zomebazam carbamates carisbamate carisoprodol clocental cyclarbamate difebarbamate emylcamate ethinamate febarbamate felbamate hexapropymate hydroxyphenamate lorbamate mebutamate meprobamate nisobamate pentabamate phenprobamate procymate styramate tetrabamate tybamate flavonoids 6 methylapigenin ampelopsin dihydromyricetin apigenin baicalein baicalin catechin egc egcg hispidulin linarin luteolin rc ome skullcap constituents e g baicalin wogonin imidazoles etomidate metomidate methoxyetomidate propoxate isopropoxate butomidate iso butomidate sec butomidate cf2 etomidate cf3 etomidate cf3 propoxate flutomidate 2 6 dichloro 3 fluoroetomidate kava constituents 10 methoxyyangonin 11 methoxyyangonin 11 hydroxyyangonin desmethoxyyangonin 11 methoxy 12 hydroxydehydrokavain 7 8 dihydroyangonin kavain 5 hydroxykavain 5 6 dihydroyangonin 7 8 dihydrokavain 5 6 7 8 tetrahydroyangonin 5 6 dehydromethysticin methysticin 7 8 dihydromethysticin yangonin monoureides acecarbromal apronal apronalide bromisoval carbromal capuride ectylurea neurosteroids acebrochol allopregnanolone brexanolone alfadolone alfaxalone 3α androstanediol androstenol androsterone certain anabolic androgenic steroids cholesterol cortisol hydrocortisone dhdoc 3α dhp 5α dhp 5β dhp dht etiocholanolone etx 155 ganaxolone hydroxydione lpcn 1154 minaxolone nora 520 org 20599 org 21465 p1 185 posovolone prax 114 pregnanolone eltanolone progesterone renanolone sage 105 sage 324 sage 516 sage 689 sage 872 testosterone thdoc zuranolone nonbenzodiazepines cyclopyrrolones eszopiclone pagoclone pazinaclone suproclone suriclone zopiclone imidazopyridines alpidem ds 1 necopidem saripidem zolpidem pyrazolopyrimidines divaplon fasiplon indiplon lorediplon ocinaplon panadiplon taniplon zaleplon others adipiplon axs 17 baer 101 azd 7325 cgs 8216 cgs 9896 cgs 13767 cgs 20625 cl 218 872 cp 615 003 ctp 354 elb 139 enx 102 tpa 023b gbld 345 imepitoin jm 1232 l 838 417 lirequinil ro41 3696 miltirone rosmariquinone ns 2664 ns 2710 ns 11394 ns 11821 pipequaline rod 188 rwj 51204 sb 205 384 sx 3228 tgsc01aa tp 003 tpa 023 tp 13 u 89843a u 90042 viqualine y 23684 phenols cipepofol fospropofol propofol propofol hemisuccinate thymol piperidinediones glutethimide methyprylon piperidione pyrithyldione pyrazolopyridines cartazolate etazolate ici 190 622 tracazolate quinazolinones afloqualone cloroqualone diproqualone etaqualone mebroqualone mecloqualone methaqualone methylmethaqualone nitromethaqualone sl 164 volatiles gases acetone acetophenone acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate aliflurane benzene butane butylene centalun chloral chloral betaine chloral hydrate chloroform cryofluorane desflurane dichloralphenazone dichloromethane diethyl ether enflurane ethyl chloride ethylene fluroxene gasoline halopropane halothane isoflurane kerosine methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitric oxide nitrogen nitrous oxide norflurane paraldehyde propane propylene roflurane sevoflurane synthane teflurane toluene trichloroethane methyl chloroform trichloroethylene vinyl ether others unsorted 3 hydroxybutanal α emtbl aa 29504 alogabat avermectins e g ivermectin bromide compounds e g lithium bromide potassium bromide sodium bromide carbamazepine chloralose chlormezanone clomethiazole darigabat deabl deuterated etifoxine dihydroergolines e g dihydroergocryptine dihydroergosine dihydroergotamine ergoloid dihydroergotoxine ds2 efavirenz etazepine etifoxine fenamates e g flufenamic acid mefenamic acid niflumic acid tolfenamic acid fluoxetine flupirtine hopantenic acid krm ii 81 lanthanum lavender oil lignans e g 4 o methylhonokiol honokiol magnolol obovatol loreclezole menthyl isovalerate validolum monastrol nezavist dcuk oet nicotinic acid nicotinamide ntx 1955 ro 7308480 org 25 435 phenytoin propanidid retigabine ezogabine safranal seproxetine stiripentol sulfonylalkanes e g sulfonmethane sulfonal tetronal trional terpenoids e g borneol topiramate valerian constituents e g isovaleric acid isovaleramide valerenic acid valerenol unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators α pinene mrk 409 mk 0343 tcs 1105 tcs 1205 see also receptor signaling modulators gaba receptor modulators gaba metabolism transport modulators v t e glycine receptor modulators receptor ligands glyr tooltip glycine receptor agonists β alanine β aba baba β aiba caesium d alanine d serine gaba glycine hypotaurine ivermectin l alanine l prol...
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