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emicide femonationalism femosphere feminism in culture feminist movement african american art movement in hip hop formal equality gender equality gender quota gender role girl power honor killing ideal womanhood invisible labor internalized sexism international girl s day and women s day language reform feminist capitalism gender blind likeability trap male privilege matriarchal religion media men in feminism misogyny transmisogyny oedipus complex opposition to feminism pro feminism protofeminism purplewashing racism reproductive justice sentencing disparity sex workers rights sexual harassment sexual objectification substantive equality toxic masculinity triple oppression violence against women war on women women s empowerment women only space women s health women s rights women in the workforce outlooks abortion rights bicycling and feminism bodily integrity criticism of marriage views on sexuality bdsm pornography prostitution sexual orientation striptease views on transgender people trans exclusionary reproductive rights sexual and reproductive health and rights scum manifesto theory feminist method female gaze gender studies gender mainstreaming gynocentrism kyriarchy male gaze matriarchy women s studies patriarchy écriture féminine areas of study anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory science fiction biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fdpa geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics science political ecology political theory pornography psychology therapy revisionist mythology sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology womanist by continent country africa democratic republic of the congo egypt ethiopia ghana mali nigeria senegal south africa albania australia balkans bangladesh canada china denmark finland france germany greece haiti hong kong india indonesia iran iraq ireland israel italy japan latin america argentina brazil chile honduras mexico paraguay lebanon malaysia nepal netherlands new zealand northern cyprus norway pakistan philippines poland portugal russia saudi arabia south korea sweden syria taiwan thailand trinidad and tobago turkey vietnam ukraine united kingdom united states history of women lists and categories lists articles feminists by nationality literature american feminist literature feminist comic books feminist songs conservative feminisms ecofeminist authors feminist art critics feminist economists feminist philosophers feminist poets feminist rhetoricians jewish feminists muslim feminists feminist parties suffragists and suffragettes women s rights activists women s studies journals women s suffrage organizations categories women s rights by country feminists by nationality feminism portal politics portal society portal v t e part of a series on linguistics outline history index general linguistics diachronic morphology phonology pragmatics semantics syntax typology applied linguistics acquisition anthropological applied mathematical computational conversation analysis corpus linguistics discourse analysis documentation forensic history of linguistics interlinguistics lexicography neurolinguistics philology philosophy of language phonetics psycholinguistics sociolinguistics text translating and interpreting theoretical frameworks formalist constituency dependency distributionalism generative glossematics functional cognitive construction grammar functional discourse grammar grammaticalization interactional linguistics prague circle systemic functional usage based structuralism topics autonomy of syntax compositionality conservative and innovative language descriptivism etymology iconicity internet linguistics lgbtq linguistics origin of language orthography philosophy of linguistics prescriptivism second language acquisition theoretical linguistics terminology usage portal v t e in german a medial capital i german binnen i is a non standard mixed case typographic convention used to indicate gender inclusivity for nouns having to do with people by using a capital letter i inside the word binnenmajuskel literally internal capital i e camel case surrounded by lower case letters an example is the word lehrerinnen teachers both male and female with a lower case i in that position lehrerinnen is just the standard word for female teachers the binnen i is a non standard solution for how to economically express a position of gender equality in one german word with an expression that would otherwise require three words since most english nouns excluding pronouns have no grammatical gender words such as teacher s student s professor s and so on can be used without implying the gender of the being s to which the noun refers the situation in german however is more difficult since all nouns have one of three grammatical genders masculine feminine or neuter when used with a noun designating a group of people a binnen i indicates that the intended meaning of the word is both the feminine as well as the masculine forms without having to write out both forms of the noun it is formed from the feminine form of a noun containing the in suffix singular or innen suffix plural for example lehrerinnen women teachers would be written lehrerinnen with the meaning men and women teachers without having to write out both gender forms or use the lexically unmarked masculine a pedestrian zone sign a on the main street of vienna s meidling district using internal i fußgängerinnenzone other gender inclusive typographic conventions exist in german that perform a similar function such as the gender star background edit a sign for dog owners in a vienna park with two binnen i examples b u s second wave edit main article second wave feminism part of the academic ferment in the united states in second wave feminism in the 1970s was the attention paid to gender bias in language 1 including the uncovering of the gendered nature of many linguistic rules and norms and how the use of language could be analyzed from a feminist viewpoint 2 studies showed the sexually biased use of language including he as a generic pronoun meaning both males and females 3 4 and how this was not just an outgrowth of natural language evolution but in fact was enforced by prescriptivist male grammarians 4 5 by the 1980s and 1990s feminist critique of language had spread to germany 6 and other countries nouns and gender edit main article grammatical gender in german example of binnen i radfahrer is bicyclist and radfahrerinnen with the medial capital i is male and female bicyclists on a traffic sign in linz austria german has three genders masculine feminine and neuter with the exception of some relationship nouns mother father daughter etc that are tied to the sex of the person the gender of a noun is arbitrary and can be any one of the three 7 c for example masculine knoblauch garlic feminine steckrübe turnip person person or neuter haus house mädchen girl in german as to a lesser extent in english some nouns designating people come in masculine feminine pairs in german they are often distinguished by an in suffix in the feminine schauspieler schauspielerin where english sometimes uses ess actor actress similarly in both languages the feminine form of such nouns is semantically marked and can only refer to a woman in each language whereas the masculine form is unmarked and can designate either a man if known or an unknown person of indeterminate sex in the plural german generally has separate plurals for masculine and feminine juristen juristinnen male attorneys female attorneys in referring to a mixed male female group of people historically one would use the generic masculine for example kollegen masc pl colleagues to make it clear that both genders are included one could use a three word phrase with the masculine and feminine versions of the noun joined by und and e g kolleginnen und kollegen women colleagues and male colleagues history edit feminist sprachkritik edit the bottom sign pfadfinderinnenheim points to a scouting residence d for boy and girl scouts in gablitz austria at the end of the 1970s groundbreaking work created the field of german feminist linguistics e and critiqued both the inherent structure and usage of german on the one hand and on the other men s and women s language behavior and concluded that german is antagonistic towards women frauenfeindlich for example in the use of the generic masculine form when referring to mixed groups which makes women have no representation in the language mirrors a man s world and makes it seem like students professors employees bosses politicians every group spoken about is male and women were invisible in the patterns of speech and went on to say that language doesn t only mirror reality it creates it 1 8 9 the use of medial capital i in germany in this sense dates to the 1980s in response to activism by german feminists for orthographic changes to promote gender equality in german writing some of this was called frauendeutsch women s german it is a solution to a problem of word economy how do you avoid saying a three word compound e g lehrer und lehrerinnen male teachers and female teachers when you just want to say teachers in german there are four methods of varying levels of acceptance 10 word pair with and lehrer und lehrerinnen male teachers and female teachers completely acceptable and standard colon lehrer in pl lehrer innen parentheses lehrer in male teacher female teacher pl lehrer innen male teachers female teachers slash lehrer in pl lehrer innen internal i lehrerin pl lehrerinnen in 1990 this usage caused a kerfuffle in the landtag of north rhine westphalia when an official complaint was lodged by the chair of the free democratic party against the green party who had used some words with medial capital i in some of their parliamentary motions saying that it was incorrect according to the german language the president of the landtag at the time responded by declaring that printed documents destined to be distributed throughout the state had to follow the official duden language standard until such time that the duden accepted the capital i the same year the wiesbaden magistrate recommended the use of medial capital i for municipal office use and prohibited the use of purely masculine terminology the wiesbaden women s affairs officer said that this had already been standard usage by the mayor and by some departments and agencies by 1990 11 usage and norms edit like french spanish and other languages but unlike english the german language has a language academy the rat für deutsche rechtschreibung 12 council for german orthography that watches over the language and prescribes spelling and usage in official dictionaries and usage guides and publishes occasional reforms to the standards like the 1996 spelling reform the twelve volume duden dictionary and language reference is the officially recognized standard reference of the language reflecting the views of the spelling council as binnen i is a typographic convention it is seen in writing and the internal capital i does not affect pronunciation of a word written with binnen i however in some cases there is an attempt to indicate the convention in pronunciation by using a glottal stop to create a momentary pause before the i citation needed other methods edit other nonstandard typographic conventions exist in german for promoting gender inclusivity including use of a slash parentheses an underscore called the gender gap de or an asterisk the gender star citation needed gender star edit this sign reading radfahrer absteigen cyclists dismount has been amended with a gender star to make it gender neutral main article gender star the gender star is another recent nonstandard typographic convention influenced by feminist linguistics this convention uses an asterisk before the innen suffix to perform the same function as the medial capital i does for binnen i since the asterisk resembles a star when used for this function the asterisk is referred to as the gendersternchen literally little gender star the gender star was put forward as an improvement on the binnen i which was seen as too beholden to the gender binary whereas the asterisk allowed other non binary genders to be included 13 it started off being used in universities was then adopted by public administrations and other institutions and finally ended up being officially adopted by the green party in 2015 as a way to avoid discrimination against transgender and intersex individuals and others since 2017 it is part of the official regulations of the berlin senate 14 gender star was named german anglicism of the year de in 2018 15 the gender star is pronounced by some people who employ a glottal stop to mark it in situations other than this one the stop sometimes occurs at the beginning of a word and sometimes in the middle but never before suffixes 13 luise pusch criticized the gender star because it fails to get rid of the linguistic invisibility of women it symbolizes as do the slash or the parenthesis typographic conventions that women are the second choice 16 see also edit feminism portal germany portal language portal capitalization capitalization in english feminist language reform gender neutral language gender neutral pronoun gender role in language german orthography grammatical gender language and gender language and thought lavender linguistics letter case sapir whorf hypothesis women s studies notes edit fußgängerinnenzone pedestrian zone from fußgänger pedestrian innen zone the standard word for this in german is fußgängerzone hundehalter is dog owner and hundehalterinnen is male and female dog owners in the full size image you can see anrainerinnen neighbors as well the sign requests owners to keep their dogs from continuous barking for the sake of the neighbors certain word suffixes like lein ung chen and others are tied to a certain noun gender so are not arbitrary in that sense pfadfinder is boy scout innen heim shelter hut residence gives pfadfinderinnenheim with binnen i so boy and girl scouts trail shelter these groundbreaking works were by the pioneers in german feminist linguistics senta trömel plötz and luise f pusch footnotes edit 1 2 stötzel 1995 p 518 holmes 2008 p 551 baron 1987 p 6 1 2 bodine 1975 cameron 1998 leue 2000 hellinger 2013 p 3 klass 2010 p 2 4 brenner 2008 p 5 6 there are at least two more that are implicitly inclusive rather than explicitly inclusive lehrkräfte lit teaching staff members and at least grammatically feasible lehrende lit teaching ones stötzel 1995 p 537 hammond alex 9 may 2013 ten things you might not have known about the english language oup english language teaching global blog oup retrieved 18 february 2018 1 2 stefanowitsch anatol 2018 06 09 gendergap und gendersternchen in 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