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es of anti government protests in armenia from april to may 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the armenian parliament nikol pashinyan head of the civil contract party protests and marches took place initially in response to serzh sargsyan s third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of armenia later broadening against the ruling republican party who were in power since 1999 pashinyan declared it a velvet revolution թավշյա հեղափոխություն t avshya heghap vokhut yun 39 40 unsuccessful protests edit belarus edit jeans revolution edit main article jeans revolution belarusians protesting against the results of the 2006 belarusian presidential election in minsk during the jeans revolution by march 2006 authoritarian and pro russian president alexander lukashenko had ruled belarus for twelve years and was aiming for a third term after term limits were cancelled by a dubious referendum in 2004 that was judged to not be free and fair internationally 41 lukashenko had faced widespread international criticism for crushing dissent neglecting human rights and restricting civil society 41 by this point the belarus parliament did not contain any opposition members and acted as a rubber stamp parliament 41 subsequently it was after lukashenko was declared the winner of the disputed 2006 presidential election that mass protests began against his rule 42 the main challenger to lukashenko in the election was alexander milinkevich who advocated liberal democratic values and who was supported by a coalition of the major opposition parties 41 international observers noted intimidation and harassment of opposition campaigners including milinkevich during the campaign and police disrupted his election meetings on numerous occasions whilst also detaining his election agents and confiscating his campaign material 41 another opposition candidate alyaksandr kazulin was beaten up by police and held for several hours which led to international outrage 41 the entirety of belarus media was controlled by lukashenko s government and the opposition candidates had no access to it or representation on it 41 in the lead up to the vote lukashenko s regime expelled a number of foreign election observers preventing them from overseeing the vote s standards 43 the regime also further limited the freedoms of independent and foreign journalists with it being noted by analysts that lukashenko was attempting to prevent a repeat of the popular uprisings which had ousted authoritarian governments in the georgian and ukrainian colour revolutions 44 as had previously been the case russia generally supported the authoritarian belarusian authorities with some top level russian officials openly declaring their wish for a lukashenko victory 41 analysts noted how it was an aim of russia to prevent more georgia or ukraine style colour revolutions and that russia desired to keep lukashenko in power to prevent belarus from turning towards the west 45 lukashenko was contentiously declared the winner of the election with official results granting him 83 of the vote international monitors severely criticised the legitimacy of the poll 42 the opposition and milinkevich immediately called for protests 46 immediately after the official results were announced 30 000 47 protested in the capital of minsk 46 cbs news said that this alone was an enormous turnout in a country where police usually suppress unauthorized gatherings swiftly and brutally 48 thousands of protestors then maintained a tent protest camp on october square for several days and nights which failed to be broken up by police and indicated that the opposition had gained a foothold 47 48 subsequently on friday 24 march riot police stormed the camp and wrestled around fifty people into trucks and detained hundreds of others 48 the next day saturday 25 march 2006 a large opposition rally took place despite police attempting to prevent protesters gathering at october square 42 alyaksandr kazulin was among many protesters arrested as they attempted to march on a jail where many of the democracy activists taken from the tent camp had been imprisoned 42 in total there were 40 000 protestors 49 the opposition originally used as a symbol the white red white flag of belarus prior to 1995 the movement has had significant connections with that in neighbouring ukraine during the orange revolution some white red white flags were seen being waved in kyiv during the 2006 protests some called it the jeans revolution or denim revolution 50 blue jeans being considered a symbol for freedom some protesters cut up jeans into ribbons and hung them in public places 51 lukashenko had previously indicated his plans to crush any potential election protests saying in our country there will be no pink or orange or even banana revolution on 24 february 2005 he said they the west think that belarus is ready for some orange or what is a rather frightening option blue or cornflower blue revolution such blue revolutions are the last thing we need 52 on 19 april 2005 he further commented all these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry 53 lukashenko later himself apparently admitted that the 2006 election was rigged being quoted in belarusian media as saying last presidential elections were rigged i already told this to the westerners 93 5 voted for the president lukashenko sic they said it s not a european number we made it 86 this really happened and if one is to start recounting the votes i don t know what to do with them before the elections they told us that if we showed the european numbers our elections would be accepted we were planning to make the european numbers but as you can see this didn t help either 54 2020 belarusian presidential election edit main article 2020 2021 belarusian protests after the 2020 belarusian presidential election there were another wave of mass protests to challenge lukashenko s authority the protests started claiming fraud after incumbent president alexander lukashenko was re elected the main opposition candidate sviatlana tsikhanouskaya declared herself the winner saying that she won by a large margin she then set up the coordination council which was recognized as the legitimate interim government by the european parliament as of december 2020 some of the media states say that the revolution failed and that lukashenko managed to prevent a repeat of the euromaidan 55 russia edit main article 2011 2013 russian protests in september 2011 russian president dmitry medvedev who had ruled for four years in a more liberal direction than his predecessor vladimir putin declared that putin would run again in the upcoming presidential election 56 putin had previously had to step down and make way for medvedev to become president in 2008 due to limits on consecutive presidential terms but the plans for his return were now made public 56 57 however many russians appeared to find the choreographed move to allow medvedev and putin to simply swap positions brazen and displeasing 58 in november putin suffered a notable humiliation when he was loudly booed by the 20 000 strong crowd when attending and speaking at a public and televised fight bout which indicated that there was opposition to him again returning to the presidency 56 state tv edited out the boos to hide the opposition to him but videos of it quickly spread online 56 then putin s ruling party was controversially declared the winner of the parliamentary elections despite well documented accusations and evidence of fraud 56 58 independent estimates showed that over a million votes may have been altered 58 the belief that the election had been rigged led to mass protests starting 56 58 state tv purposely ignored the protests even after more than 1 000 arrests and the key organisers being targeted 59 the protests began on 4 december 2011 in the russian capital of moscow against the election results leading to the arrests of over 500 people on 10 december protests erupted in tens of cities across the country a few months later they spread to hundreds both inside the country and abroad the protests were described as snow revolution it derives from december the month when the revolution had started and from the white ribbons that the protesters wore the focus of the protests were the ruling party united russia and putin protests intensified after putin dubiously won the 2012 russian presidential election by a preposterous margin 57 video footage was discovered showing examples of vote rigging such as an individual secretly and repeatedly feeding ballot papers into a voting machine 58 at a victory rally held in suspicious circumstances only minutes after polls closed and before vote counting was even completed putin was seen to be showing emotion and apparently crying as he was abruptly declared the winner 58 with the background of the mass protests putin started his third term amid chaotic circumstances he responded by becoming markedly more authoritarian and soon further reduced human rights and civil liberties 57 at the time it was noted that it was possible that he would rule until 2024 when the next consecutive term limit would take effect 56 but in fact the constitution was changed in 2020 in controversial circumstances which allowed him to rule until 2036 without having to step down again as he had in 2008 2012 60 61 62 boris nemtsov one of the leaders of the protest movement was later assassinated with the apparent involvement of the russian security services and the possible involvement of putin himself in 2015 58 another of the key leaders alexei navalny was poisoned in 2020 apparently by the fsb and then was imprisoned in a labour colony on charges widely considered politically motivated before dying in suspicious circumstances in 2024 shortly before the presidential election aged only 47 63 64 vladimir kara murza another key figure in the protests later survived suspected poisonings in 2015 and 2017 before being imprisoned for 25 years on charges widely considered politically motivated in 2022 65 ilya yashin another key leader of the protests was likewise another figure convicted on politically motivated charges after russia s 2022 invasion of ukraine 65 66 protest figure dmitry bykov was also poisoned in 2019 having been trailed by the same fsb agents who poisoned navalny in 2020 67 opposition edit international geopolitics scholars paul j bolt and sharyl n cross state that moscow and beijing share almost indistinguishable views on the potential domestic and international security threats posed by colored revolutions and both nations view these revolutionary movements as being orchestrated by the united states and its western democratic partners to advance geopolitical ambitions 68 in russia edit according to anthony cordesman of the center for strategic and international studies russian military leaders view the colour revolutions russian цветные революции romanized tsvetnye revolyutsii as a new us and european approach to warfare that focuses on creating destabilizing revolutions in other states as a means of serving their security interests at low cost and with minimal casualties 69 government figures in russia such as defence minister sergei shoigu in office from 2012 to 2024 and foreign minister sergei lavrov in office from 2004 have characterized colour revolutions as externally fuelled acts with a clear goal of influencing the internal affairs that destabilize the economy 70 71 conflict with the law and represent a new form of warfare 72 russian president vladimir putin stated in november 2014 that russia must prevent any colour revolutions in russia we see what tragic consequences the wave of so called colour revolutions led to for us this is a lesson and a warning we should do everything necessary so that nothing similar ever happens in russia 73 in december 2023 putin stated that the so called color revolutions had been used by the western elites in many world regions more than once as methods of such destabilization 74 he added but these scenarios have failed to work and i am convinced will never work in russia a free independent and sovereign state 74 the 2015 presidential decree the russian federation s national security strategy russian о стратегии национальной безопасности российской федерации cites foreign sponsored regime change among main threats to public and national security including 7 75 the activities of radical public associations and groups using nationalist and religious extremist ideology foreign and international non governmental organizations and financial and economic structures and also individuals focused on destroying the unity and territorial integrity of the russian federation destabilizing the domestic political and social situation including through inciting color revolutions and destroying traditional russian religious and moral values in the aftermath of the colour revolutions the term colour revolution has been used as a pejorative term to refer to protests which are believed to be a result of influence by foreign countries euromaidan the 2018 armenian revolution the 2019 protests in georgia the 2019 2020 hong kong protests and the 2020 2021 belarusian protests have been described by pro kremlin outlets as being colour revolutions aimed at destabilising the respective governments of each country 8 in china edit see also peaceful evolution theory and hostile foreign forces motivated in part by its desire to prevent colour revolutions in 2009 the people s republic of china banned youtube twitter and facebook 76 the 2015 policy white paper china s military strategy 中国的军事战略 by the state council information office said that anti china forces have never given up their attempt to instigate a color revolution in this country 7 77 in 2018 general secretary of the chinese communist party xi jinping accused unnamed foreign forces of attempting to plot a colour revolution 78 in september 2022 at a summit of the shanghai cooperation organisation xi jinping stated that the group must prevent external forces from promoting colour revolutions 79 pattern of revolution edit michael mcfaul identified seven stages of successful political revolutions common in colour revolutions 80 81 82 83 a semi autocratic rather than fully autocratic regime an unpopular incumbent a united and organized opposition an ability to quickly drive home the point that voting results were falsified enough independent media to inform citizens about the falsified vote a political opposition capable of mobilizing tens of thousands or more demonstrators to protest electoral fraud divisions among the regime s coercive forces see also edit people power civil resistance revolutions of 1989 arab spring spring political terminology united states involvement in regime change post soviet conflicts references edit gene sharp author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook archived 22 february 2011 at the ...
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