Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
dispute, of, byzantine, holy, roman, period, the, empire, background, and, ottoman, russian, cited, problem, two, emperors, contents, eastern, disputes, early, modern, leonese, iconography, timeline, rival, empires, see, also, footnotes, references, external, links, political, rome, idea, universal, carolingian, ottonian, hohenstaufen, restoration, bulgarian, georgian, rump, states, citations, bibliography, web, sources, imperial, ideology, louis, ii, basil, frederick, barbarossa, crusade, threats, henry, vi, latin,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1792), and (553), #empire (294), #emperor (242), was (232), roman (190), byzantine (169), his (147), that (145), emperors (110), with (108), title (98), holy (96), had (96), constantinople (85), imperial (83), for (83), not (82), which (75), russian (72), isbn (71), from (71), their (71), ottoman (61), king (55), german (53), were (53), but (53), latin (51), iii (51), tsar (51), also (50), romans (48), would (47), barbarossa (45), this (44), after (44), west (43), russia (43), history (42), its (42), who (42), pope (42), church (39), only (39), byzantines (37), rome (36), eastern (35), edit (35), been (35), louis (34), von (34), western (34), such (34), john (33), dispute (33), they (33), two (32), other (32), between (32), him (32), recognized (32), used (31), all (31), under (30), century (30), ivan (30), isaac (30), great (29), 2001 (29), though (29), michael (28), charlemagne (28), crusade (28), imperator (28), idea (28), time (27), have (27), greek (26), letter (26), himself (26), did (25), 978 (25), henry (25), rulers (25), than (25), ruler (25), against (25), bulgarian (24), university (24), press (24), frederick (24), otto (24), one (24), even (24), claim (24), more (23), world (23), reiche (23), universal (23), orthodox (22), new (22), into (22), over (22), problem (21), east (21), germany (21), italy (21), sultan (21), being (21), claimed (21), themselves (21), still (21), basileus (21), saw (21), first (20), europe (20), 2019 (20), referred (20), city (20), until (20), historical (19), 1204 (19), coronation (19), brand (19), 1968 (19), kings (19), political (18), peter (18), 2021 (18), power (18), empires (18), called (18), when (18), use (17), rule (17), through (17), became (17), could (17), god (17), sources (16), trebizond (16), charles (16), kingdom (16), bulgaria (16), papal (16), war (16), basil (16), 2016 (16), 2010 (16), georgia (16), third (16), treaty (16), during (16), although (16), ottomans (16), recognize (16), her (16), alliance (16), following (16), crowned (16), rather (16), army (16), romanorum (16), cs1 (15), european (15), imperii (15), 2014 (15), byzantium (15), christian (15), irene (15), grand (15), both (15), term (15), authority (15), continued (15), death (15), augustus (15), son (15), relations (14), retrieved (14), states (14), france (14), 2012 (14), peace (14), moscow (14), nicol (14), titles (14), mehmed (14), later (14), own (14), patriarch (14), prince (14), same (14), last (13), modern (13), union (13), des (13), liutprand (13), van (13), 2011 (13), 2009 (13), nikephoros (13), theodore (13), these (13), patriarchate (13), equal (13), alexios (13), language (12), christianity (12), medieval (12), religious (12), manuel (12), second (12), early (12), der (12), 1997 (12), und (12), 1967 (12), sultans (12), fine (12), caesar (12), see (12), claims (12), them (12), instead (12), there (12), itself (12), viii (12), franks (12), turkish (11), different (11), catholic (11), constantine (11), council (11), succession (11), cambridge (11), doi (11), vol (11), 1999 (11), centuries (11), georgian (11), 1994 (11), held (11), some (11), seen (11), catherine (11), refused (11), brother (11), formally (11), granted (11), despite (11), control (11), legitimate (11), eventually (11), while (11), considered (11), period (11), komnenos (11), doukas (11), simply (11), using (10), rival (10), diplomatic (10), people (10), die (10), tricht (10), ideology (10), state (10), recognition (10), kołodziejczyk (10), documents (10), bennigsen (10), 1986 (10), out (10), adopted (10), probably (10), accepted (10), right (10), successors (10), embassy (10), like (10), position (10), main (10), true (10), terms (9), lord (9), tradition (9), translatio (9), january (9), maximilian (9), pdf (9), eds (9), routledge (9), papacy (9), verlag (9), reign (9), nicaea (9), geanakoplos (9), most (9), burkhardt (9), angelov (9), kingdoms (9), greeks (9), dynasty (9), palaiologos (9), tribute (9), argued (9), addressed (9), then (9), officially (9), tsardom (9), began (9), soon (9), conquered (9), wars (9), since (9), simeon (9), frankish (9), leo (9), multiple (8), carolingian (8), diplomacy (8), ancient (8), military (8), 2025 (8), fall (8), 2013 (8), imperium (8), order (8), 1261 (8), 180 (8), 2006 (8), crimean (8), poland (8), garcía (8), gallo (8), 1945 (8), late (8), 2004 (8), citing (8), style (8), major (8), within (8), successor (8), further (8), are (8), according (8), ended (8), remained (8), thus (8), rejected (8), stopped (8), borders (8), any (8), due (8), throne (8), never (8), support (8), marriage (8), once (8), popes (8), having (8), germans (8), governor (8), each (8), toggle (7), view (7), wikipedia (7), policy (7), text (7), historiography (7), saladin (7), theory (7), background (7), religion (7), will (7), predecessors (7), 1973 (7), official (7), rise (7), half (7), muldoon (7), foreign (7), khan (7), 1959 (7), eastmond (7), house (7), battle (7), believed (7), restored (7), independent (7), return (7), made (7), towards (7), meant (7), monarchs (7), polish (7), plans (7), left (7), attempted (7), less (7), august (7), lands (7), before (7), what (7), autocrat (7), explicitly (7), furthermore (7), deposed (7), thessalonica (7), asen (7), angelos (7), baldwin (7), bulgarians (7), either (7), because (7), threat (7), received (7), sicily (7), land (7), moderator (7), contents (6), maint (6), serbia (6), politics (6), disputes (6), kai (6), greece (6), churches (6), study (6), long (6), years (6), earth (6), 2023 (6), 2002 (6), jstor (6), oxford (6), 1936 (6), brill (6), link (6), cite (6), 1976 (6), james (6), innocent (6), schmitt (6), 2022 (6), 2003 (6), madgearu (6), 188 (6), 15th (6), 1987 (6), 11th (6), 1453 (6), debertol (6), kayser (6), vii (6), issue (6), claiming (6), division (6), legacy (6), eagle (6), alongside (6), gave (6), lost (6), part (6), old (6), established (6), appointed (6), willing (6), autokrator (6), plan (6), anti (6), end (6), elected (6), coins (6), sent (6), status (6), titled (6), nicene (6), name (6), reached (6), attempt (6), fourth (6), rump (6), become (6), sole (6), crown (6), fact (6), campaign (6), regards (6), deo (6), coronatus (6), crusaders (6), way (6), philippopolis (6), perceived (6), proclaimed (6), often (6), ethnicity (6), temporal (6), may (5), you (5), page (5), service (5), spanish (5), former (5), united (5), joseph (5), alexander (5), golden (5), opposition (5), information (5), society (5), studies (5), year (5), historians (5), cremona (5), mission (5), 2020 (5), 1606 (5), das (5), 1648 (5), vasilev (5), zur (5), 101 (5), encyclopedia (5), vatatzes (5), philip (5), conflict (5), ferdinand (5), crusades (5), setton (5), book (5), kaiser (5), schlieben (5), rapp (5), poe (5), maria (5), how (5), ideas (5), 2017 (5), lithuania (5), geier (5), conquest (5), 172 (5), around (5), stefan (5), princes (5), browning (5), 1992 (5), references (5), persian (5), rûm (5), general (5), serbian (5), headed (5), habsburg (5), account (5), version (5), now (5), florence (5), suzerainty (5), fell (5), agreed (5), already (5), declared (5), spiritual (5), christians (5), padişah (5), changed (5), court (5), ceased (5), mostly (5), times (5), divine (5), 162 (5), kazan (5), replaced (5), vassal (5), intended (5), neither (5), well (5), possible (5), where (5), earlier (5), nevertheless (5), majesty (5), several (5), including (5), transferred (5), transfer (5), primarily (5), much (5), calling (5), came (5), palaiologan (5), antiquity (5), inspired (5), latins (5), restoration (5), daughter (5), referring (5), direct (5), attack (5), throughout (5), open (5), events (5), little (5), aspired (5), envoys (5), ethnic (5), situation (5), caused (5), ambassadors (5), 1189 (5), destroy (5), illustrated (5), gens (5), subsection (5), search (4), non (4), location (4), missing (4), publisher (4), italian (4), hungarian (4), articles (4), william (4), historicity (4), others (4), cult (4), science (4), thought (4), islamic (4), age (4), supremacy (4), women (4), related (4), list (4), critical (4), chronicles (4), historian (4), translation (4), links (4), geschichte (4), 2018 (4), 1996 (4), bis (4), cited (4), ziegler (4), wilson (4), tatar (4), culture (4), sweeney (4), strauss (4), constitution (4), shevzov (4), 1975 (4), levant (4), thirteenth (4), schneidmüller (4), akademie (4), written (4), past (4), petrova (4), 109 (4), catholicism (4), 579 (4), 800 (4), 1926 (4), art (4), 182 (4), crusader (4), 2015 (4), mediterranean (4), issues (4), 1993 (4), hoffmann (4), 178 (4), 1988 (4), 1282 (4), 802 (4), alfonso (4), 163 (4), madariaga (4), influence (4), present (4), asatiani (4), janelidze (4), 211 (4), 201 (4), establishment (4), 171 (4), 181 (4), 194 (4), 198 (4), khans (4), 120 (4), 212 (4), 118 (4), arab (4), orders (4), ahmed (4), powers (4), among (4), struggle (4), similar (4), hegemony (4), schism (4), double (4), coat (4), arms (4), austrian (4), 1806 (4), based (4), call (4), refer (4), our (4), castile (4), león (4), england (4), rex (4), least (4), article (4), empress (4), invasion (4), conquering (4), collapse (4), correspondence (4), opposed (4), acted (4), horde (4), astrakhan (4), described (4), venice (4), sweden (4), immediately (4), offered (4), acknowledged (4), brought (4), northern (4), example (4), proposal (4), monarch (4), royal (4), those (4), shortly (4), formed (4), negotiations (4), single (4), accept (4), sovereign (4), faith (4), place (4), path (4), deriving (4), point (4), citizens (4), expressed (4), refusal (4), increasingly (4), returned (4), restoring (4), led (4), controlled (4), threatened (4), david (4), abandoned (4), proposed (4), realm (4), epirus (4), pretenders (4), near (4), muslims (4), divided (4), ruled (4), restore (4), submission (4), large (4), provinces (4), represented (4), anjou (4), subjects (4), letters (4), possibly (4), dispatched (4), imprisoned (4), back (4), norman (4), divisio (4), clear (4), semper (4), previous (4), rest (4), cilician (4), armenia (4), force (4), threats (4), bosporus (4), thrace (4), relented (4), markets (4), gentes (4), usurpation (4), lombards (4), woman (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), languages (3), about (3), foundation (3), archival (3), pages (3), containing (3), short (3), dissolution (3), national (3), international (3), muhammad (3), islam (3), thomas (3), nelson (3), gregory (3), soviet (3), north (3), albania (3), middle (3), ages (3), myth (3), protestant (3), capitalism (3), thesis (3), schools (3), criticism (3), jesuit (3), controversy (3), primacy (3), english (3), cultural (3), anthropology (3), scale (3), system (3), three (3), case (3), primary (3), texts (3), archives (3), thirty (3), 18th (3), knowledge (3), change (3), report (3), take (3), 1941 (3), march (3), zsitvatorok (3), volume (3), westphalia (3), factor (3), 1547 (3), 1918 (3), 2007 (3), trepavlov (3), york (3), hungary (3), 320 (3), translations (3), 217 (3), muslim (3), zwischen (3), steindorff (3), ernst (3), fourteenth (3), europa (3), gruyter (3), rayfield (3), donald (3), michigan (3), 1745 (3), ohnsorge (3), 1948 (3), novoselskyy (3), life (3), nelsen (3), guth (3), founding (3), concept (3), miller (3), 1929 (3), españa (3), menéndez (3), pidal (3), martin (3), 1783 (3), 1762 (3), 1185 (3), prussia (3), 1742 (3), companion (3), korobeinikov (3), dariusz (3), caliph (3), khanate (3), treaties (3), followed (3), 1225 (3), titulature (3), i̇nalcık (3), file (3), harvard (3), 199 (3), nature (3), potential (3), frazee (3), 1983 (3), 263 (3), barbarian (3), matthias (3), october (3), 159 (3), help (3), erdmann (3), identity (3), antony (3), 1700 (3), dimitrov (3), vidin (3), terrible (3), beales (3), theresa (3), 1780 (3), augustynowicz (3), 897 (3), 108 (3), laskaris (3), 220 (3), 226 (3), 237 (3), 187 (3), autocephaly (3), 264 (3), tsars (3), 125 (3), 100 (3), 155 (3), 102 (3), 184 (3), 128 (3), brienne (3), 189 (3), avoid (3), competition (3), affairs (3), sultanate (3), iconography (3), known (3), recorded (3), demanding (3), 16th (3), mariana (3), regarded (3), truth (3), unlike (3), leonese (3), moscovian (3), mean (3), grandson (3), purposes (3), give (3), victory (3), konstantin (3), pavlovich (3), moskov (3), siege (3), step (3), 239 (3), 238 (3), should (3), 1480 (3), assumed (3), vassals (3), pay (3), 1661 (3), too (3), truce (3), palaiologina (3), red (3), planned (3), blue (3), green (3), monarchy (3), helped (3), vienna (3), without (3), upon (3), however (3), almost (3), form (3), done (3), francis (3), duke (3), delegation (3), replied (3), pointed (3), magnus (3), possevino (3), offer (3), again (3), head (3), communion (3), meaning (3), coin (3), depicted (3), administrative (3), reaffirmed (3), austria (3), has (3), set (3), jerusalem (3), kıral (3), rudolf (3), sometimes (3), whose (3), prominent (3), few (3), changes (3), practice (3), engaged (3), previously (3), lasted (3), nor (3), despot (3), christ (3), mentions (3), pistos (3), tamar (3), given (3), exist (3), seeing (3), resulted (3), inscription (3), klokotnitsa (3), archbishop (3), able (3), loss (3), older (3), denied (3), 1230 (3), meanwhile (3), very (3), momentarily (3), tarnovo (3), 1202 (3), kaloyan (3), reconciliation (3), refers (3), interpreted (3), considering (3), suggested (3), exchange (3), family (3), occasion (3), romanos (3), designated (3), claimant (3), namely (3), together (3), aragon (3), periodically (3), assured (3), emperorship (3), stating (3), athens (3), sicilian (3), day (3), chief (3), endured (3), attempting (3), sway (3), taking (3), foot (3), repeatedly (3), legitimacy (3), reconquest (3), might (3), conquer (3), hohenstaufen (3), dignity (3), swabia (3), master (3), inhabitants (3), interpretation (3), romania (3), romaniae (3), christo (3), fled (3), longer (3), successfully (3), domains (3), just (3), successful (3), cyprus (3), uniting (3), weak (3), efforts (3), enemies (3), imprisonment (3), embassies (3), immediate (3), side (3), seems (3), actions (3), branitchevo (3), serious (3), lack (3), southern (3), ever (3), far (3), diplomatically (3), invade (3), does (3), your (3), reply (3), territorial (3), appears (3), strongly (3), governing (3), appearance (3), vacant (3), 797 (3), theoretically (3), 1804 (3), tools (3), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), site (2), profit (2), categories (2), deprecated (2), date (2), linked (2), extension (2), description (2), wikidata (2), monarchies (2), controversies (2), robert (2), friedrich (2), judaism (2), perspectives (2), jesus (2), canada (2), australia (2), brazil (2), juan (2), josé (2), chiang (2), leaders (2), portugal (2), india (2), ethiopia (2), region (2), nationalism (2), transmission (2), development (2), ethic (2), revisionist (2), biblical (2), proto (2), geography (2), revolution (2), urban (2), quantitative (2), constitutional (2), school (2), economic (2), preservation (2), oral (2), dating (2), writing (2), books (2), template (2), library (2), source (2), local (2), crisis (2), geographic (2), man (2), comparative (2), research (2), annales (2), approaches (2), annals (2), continuity (2), renaissance (2), 19th (2), civil (2), black (2), significance (2), area (2), 967 (2), 871 (2), external (2), witzmann (2), europas (2), stand (2), velde (2), süß (2), konstantinopel (2), sinelschikova (2), april (2), beyond (2), why (2), pass (2), halsall (2), paul (2), grégoire (2), floiger (2), web (2), 255 (2), whaley (2), 2846872 (2), 2307 (2), eurasian (2), vásáry (2), renovatio (2), leiden (2), dieten (2), jan (2), munich (2), lexikon (2), südosteuropas (2), johannes (2), üre (2), agreement (2), 1991 (2), 1652 (2), dictionary (2), talbot (2), 334 (2), 3164389 (2), strohmeyer (2), 1740 (2), johann (2), christoph (2), baden (2), kanun (2), esasi (2), 232 (2), eighteenth (2), steppan (2), русский (2), 1726 (2), 1881 (2), 490 (2), heinrich (2), casiday (2), augustine (2), 9781136314841 (2), 521 (2), turkey (2), hazard (2), london (2), wisconsin (2), fifteenth (2), kenneth (2), schunter (2), alfons (2), 1925 (2), 290 (2), politik (2), 1800 (2), sashalmi (2), 1515 (2), schmidt (2), spanische (2), propaganda (2), proquest (2), marshall (2), transformation (2), aleksandrovna (2), sovereigns (2), признание (2), императорского (2), титула (2), российских (2), государей (2), священной (2), римской (2), империей (2), 8160 (2), 1746 (2), 1947 (2), oclc (2), zweikaiserproblem (2), reiches (2), 1383 (2), macgillivray (2), catholics (2), shaped (2), napier (2), browne (2), 1842 (2), springer (2), del (2), cid (2), mayer (2), las (2), russell (2), 1830 (2), georgievsk (2), 1874 (2), saint (2), martens (2), lomouri (2), nodar (2), 2000 (2), metropolitan (2), museum (2), neighbors (2), loud (2), ashgate (2), 7546 (2), expedition (2), lópez (2), ortiz (2), 1942 (2), español (2), lodge (2), richard (2), 1930 (2), lock (2), lamers (2), kumar (2), princeton (2), five (2), turks (2), jovanović (2), jenkins (2), crimea (2), balkans (2), halil (2), 113 (2), phokas (2), halenko (2), grdzelidze (2), fischer (2), rußland (2), goehrke (2), giarenis (2), perception (2), reality (2), gibbs (2), johnson (2), 415 (2), literature (2), deno (2), massachusetts (2), harrassowitz (2), garland (2), empresses (2), 228 (2), arbor (2), gamkrelidze (2), overview (2), frenken (2), interregnum (2), frassetto (2), foster (2), fodale (2), salvatore (2), findley (2), yale (2), eloeva (2), turkic (2), 12th (2), fazakas (2), fegyveresi (2), veress (2), 161 (2), 1951 (2), carl (2), publishing (2), sophia (2), djokić (2), directorate (2), detrez (2), 519 (2), demir (2), lit (2), münster (2), moderne (2), 9783110752373 (2), 356 (2), türkischer (2), turcorum (2), tyrannus (2), çolak (2), frontiers (2), cholakov (2), 2024 (2), 295 (2), french (2), gmbh (2), bronevskiy (2), 1741 (2), brest (2), asche (2), angeliki (2), hellenic (2), anderson (2), bibliography (2), 227 (2), 137 (2), 138 (2), 214 (2), 143 (2), 106 (2), slavophile (2), 1915 (2), 231 (2), 1589 (2), self (2), center (2), 210 (2), 186 (2), 107 (2), 164 (2), 204 (2), 285 (2), 103 (2), 122 (2), 114 (2), 152 (2), 153 (2), 262 (2), 261 (2), 148 (2), 127 (2), 126 (2), 123 (2), 121 (2), 206 (2), 225 (2), 105 (2), 133 (2), 136 (2), 135 (2), 160 (2), 321 (2), 129 (2), 150 (2), 258 (2), 1229 (2), 213 (2), 193 (2), 192 (2), 191 (2), 190 (2), 185 (2), 179 (2), 177 (2), 176 (2), citations (2), 240 (2), memalik (2), acem (2), arnold (2), lübeck (2), calls (2), imperatorem (2), introduced (2), footnotes (2), 1147 (2), prussian (2), key (2), precedence (2), ceremonies (2), secular (2), ecclesiastical (2), investiture (2), extensive (2), caesaropapism (2), existence (2), constantinopolitan (2), distinct (2), timeline (2), seljuk (2), 1815 (2), banner (2), dušan (2), across (2), 13th (2), confirmed (2), contemporary (2), hre (2), contrast (2), gaul (2), lineage (2), election (2), various (2), details (2), severe (2), generally (2), pretensions (2), latter (2), antonio (2), independence (2), associated (2), usage (2), decline (2), show (2), particular (2), distinguish (2), reaching (2), totius (2), 1643 (2), argues (2), shifted (2), association (2), 1774 (2), allowing (2), needed (2), purely (2), protect (2), creation (2), russians (2), 1917 (2), dream (2), tsargrad (2), 247 (2), 245 (2), kıralı (2), sar (2), selim (2), preferred (2), issued (2), officials (2), implications (2), forgotten (2), 1876 (2), lived (2), anymore (2), politically (2), gaining (2), facto (2), compared (2), gained (2), adopt (2), sublime (2), porte (2), decisive (2), superior (2), envoy (2), annual (2), vizier (2), address (2), padishah (2), giray (2), 221 (2), vladimir (2), specifically (2), married (2), joint (2), marks (2), dacia (2), compensations (2), marked (2), yellow (2), close (2), russo (2), troops (2), fought (2), she (2), thereafter (2), standing (2), success (2), nonetheless (2), bavarian (2), acceptance (2), initially (2), allies (2), 1721 (2), convinced (2), recognise (2), repeated (2), prior (2), government (2), symbols (2), minted (2), supported (2), insisted (2), concluded (2), sacred (2), suae (2), sacrae (2), russiae (2), majestatis (2), vasily (2), 200 (2), goal (2), lithuanian (2), agreements (2), existed (2), bishops (2), authorities (2), pressured (2), join (2), served (2), assuming (2), apparently (2), unaware (2), subordinate (2), philotheus (2), doctrine (2), directly (2), 1488 (2), demanded (2), equivalent (2), went (2), avoided (2), feodor (2), 1673 (2), word (2), clement (2), xiii (2), slavic (2), descent (2), niece (2), developed (2), nations (2), compromise (2), unsuccessful (2), managed (2), preserve (2), nothing (2), powerful (2), prove (2), except (2), demands (2), write (2), father (2), retained (2), something (2), contemporaries (2), domination (2), courtiers (2), identified (2), capital (2), mention (2), entity (2), reasons (2), applied (2), common (2), turk (2), tyrant (2), lists (2), met (2), expected (2), final (2), andreas (2), turcus (2), marble (2), making (2), leadership (2), hostility (2), gennadios (2), succeeding (2), continue (2), constantly (2), nominal (2), trapezuntine (2), tyrants (2), faithful (2), territory (2), iberia (2), christoi (2), theo (2), ton (2), niketas (2), choniates (2), demetrios (2), bishop (2), fearing (2), failed (2), advance (2), 112 (2), forty (2), martyrs (2), 146 (2), ohrid (2), gain (2), ruling (2), dynasties (2), noble (2), 145 (2), 144 (2), 139 (2), catholicos (2), abkhazians (2), armenians (2), ally (2), ties (2), surrounded (2), alexis (2), turned (2), serene (2), george (2), revived (2), leading (2), thessaly (2), 1241 (2), shishman (2), uroš (2), serbs (2), provide (2), 1186 (2), elevated (2), indivisible (2), promised (2), territories (2), marrying (2), elena (2), launched (2), moved (2), primas (2), dominus (2), titling (2), died (2), sixth (2), 1207 (2), lekapenos (2), confined (2), fully (2), compelling (2), interest (2), firmly (2), arrived (2), walls (2), replacing (2), somewhat (2), justinian (2), naples (2), remaining (2), achaea (2), durazzo (2), dismay (2), light (2), attacks (2), promise (2), entire (2), disaster (2), lyons (2), anyone (2), rapidly (2), materialize (2), angevin (2), chiefly (2), words (2), remains (2), anna (2), wife (2), unionists (2), frank (2), damage (2), centered (2), active (2), pursued (2), escape (2), bull (2), started (2), ambitions (2), avoiding (2), provided (2), speaking (2), weakness (2), lords (2), altered (2), seat (2), enforce (2), dependent (2), marry (2), ongoing (2), ethnicities (2), rom (2), seem (2), truly (2), fidelis (2), dei (2), gratia (2), seized (2), suggests (2), feudal (2), notably (2), sacking (2), provocative (2), augoustos (2), romaion (2), traditional (2), hereditary (2), 1195 (2), ensure (2), succeeded (2), overthrown (2), addition (2), fractured (2), useful (2), accorded (2), giving (2), future (2), nearly (2), christendom (2), ordered (2), favor (2), send (2), losing (2), incidents (2), philadelphia (2), behind (2), reunited (2), locals (2), hostages (2), appropriate (2), realized (2), refusing (2), hold (2), wrote (2), justified (2), learnt (2), barons (2), personally (2), supplies (2), notice (2), arrival (2), niš (2), assembled (2), treated (2), intend (2), putting (2), allied (2), full (2), rivals (2), unite (2), won (2), roger (2), conrad (2), submit (2), threaten (2), theophanu (2), depicting (2), senate (2), slaves (2), worse (2), harlots (2), alone (2), apostles (2), took (2), neglected (2), hands (2), chastized (2), belonged (2), ignored (2), pictured (2), ottonian (2), limited (2), represent (2), anastasius (2), views (2), unity (2), affirmation (2), reference (2), someone (2), peoples (2), defined (2), defining (2), geopolitical (2), behalf (2), herself (2), adoption (2), act (2), 813 (2), purple (2), gubernans (2), romanum (2), karolus (2), argument (2), alcuin (2), 5th (2), absolutist (2), viceroy (2), exclusive (2), obedience (2), mother (2), christmas (2), exarchate (2), upload (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, agree, registered, trademark, organization, wikimedia, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, september, 2026, utc, hidden, errors, interwiki, names, easytimeline, 1500, 1928, image, auto, scaled, images, questions, schisms, conflicts, successions, naming, dichotomy, https, org, index, php, problem_of_two_emperors, oldid, 1374074136, multimedia, category, rings, tolkien, socrates, shakespeare, falcon, scott, nietzsche, madonna, lovecraft, søren, kierkegaard, resurrection, darwin, beatles, jane, austen, netherlands, rankings, zhuge, liang, zhou, enlai, yuan, shikai, warren, harding, ulysses, grant, jefferson, aquinas, sun, yat, sen, bolivarianism, personality, simon, bolivar
Text of the page (random words):
the holy roman emperor and the ottoman sultan as equal 181 the russians began to distinguish between the byzantine emperor who was the tsar for the orthodox church and the khan of the golden horde who was the tsar for the princes 216 217 under the reign of grand prince ivan iii vassian patrikeyev argued that ivan iii should wield the title tsar and not the khans and compared him to vladimir the great and dmitry donskoy 218 in 1480 moscow gained independence from the golden horde with the great stand on the ugra river allowing the grand prince to adopt the title samoderzhets in greek autokrator in 1492 219 when ivan iv conquered the khanates of kazan and astrakhan he assumed the titles tsar of kazan and astrakhan he replaced their rulers not as a khan but as a ruler of an orthodox tsardom how v v trepavlov ru described it 220 the crimean khans saw themselves as the successors of the khans of the golden horde thus inheriting russia as their vassal and became the only intermediary between the kremlin and the sublime porte 221 they had been ottoman vassals themselves from 1475 222 and had been decisive in the non violent victory in 1480 223 the crimean khanate claimed to be equal or even superior to the tsardom of russia which had to pay tribute to them ulug khazīne lit great treasure which the russian tsar called present pominki in russian in 1643 the khan had to officially apologize after an envoy called the gift a kharaj but the annual tribute remained an obligation 224 in 1661 the crimean vizier reminded the russian tsar that the ottoman sultan would be suzerain ruler over both the khan and him 221 the khanate was generally more willing to address other rulers by their official title unlike their overlords but in 1660 the crimean vizier sefer ğazı crh refused to refer the russian tsar as magrib ve maşriq padişahı emperor padishah of the east and west and potentially even compared him to the prince electors of the holy roman empire instead 225 khan mehmed iv giray stated that even the ottoman padişah is not using such titles for himself 226 the crimean court rejected the russian claim to be ālem penāh refuge of the world too as it had been used by the sultan 227 in 1670 following the truce of andrusovo a crimean envoy referred to the russian tsar and the polish king as great padishahs 228 and in 1671 khan adil giray used the title emperor padishah of the east and west for the russian tsar 229 with the treaty of constantinople of 1700 the tribute payments were permanently stopped 230 the russian church opposed the short lived union between the byzantine and latin churches after the council of florence and argued that the fall of constantinople 1453 was divine punishment for it moscow then began to saw themselves as the center of the christian world as part of their third rome ideology 231 the russian church soon became de facto autocephalous their metropolitans were not appointed by constantinople anymore and acted politically independent 232 gennadius scholarius was appointed patriarch of constantinople by sultan mehmed ii in accordance to byzantine tradition 162 it is recorded that from at least 1474 the economical patriarchate referred to the sultan as basileus 233 in 1561 the patriarch of constantinople blessed ivan iv s right to the title tsar 234 in 1589 the moscow patriarchate was accepted by constantinople 235 gaining official autocephaly from constantinople 236 ivan iii called the sultan a tsar this changed with vasili iii of russia but selim i preferred the caliph title anyway 237 in 1525 the ottoman court ceased to issue official documents in scripts other than arabic a further step towards islamic political identity translations of official documents continued to be made and issued by lower officials and governors and for diplomatic purposes though these did not carry the tughra the sultan s signature 238 this meant that titles such as basileus and imperator ceased to be used officially by the sultans themselves 238 who instead mostly used only sultan and or padişah 239 the sultans continued to deny other monarchs the style of padişah in diplomatic correspondence which meant that the implications of their imperial role was not forgotten 238 ottoman sultans after suleiman i at times still stressed that they were roman emperors c and the style kayser or kayser i rûm remained in use as late as the eighteenth century 241 greek language translations of official ottoman documents continued to style the sultans as basileus 242 until 1876 239 when the official greek translation of the ottoman constitution kanun i esasi established that the terms sultan σουλτάνος soultanos and padişah παδισαχ padisach were to be used 239 according to a a novoselskyy ru the ottomans agreed to the title tsar in 1643 after the siege of azov 243 but already sultan selim ii addressed tsar ivan iv as moskov kıralı sar moscovian king tsar 172 halil i̇nalcık argues that sar or çar did not mean caesar to the ottomans 244 the ottoman sultans usually referred to them as moskov kıralı moscovian king or moskov çarı moscovian tsar 245 the latter being used treaty of constantinople of 1700 246 the ottoman empire shifted from muscovy to russia when they recognized elizabeth i as tamamen rusiya imparatoriça imperator of all of russia in 1741 245 by then imperator lost its association to the ottoman sultans 172 from 1774 the ottoman sultan had to officially recognize the russian emperor as padişah according to article 13 of the treaty of küçük kaynarca crimea was declared independent allowing russia to annex their old rival in 1783 247 in return their caliphate was verified as the ottomans needed islamic legitimization 248 but it was purely spiritual the russian empire later argued that the treaty gives them the rights to protect all orthodox christians within the ottoman empire 247 in 1780 empress catherine the great called for the invasion of the ottoman empire and the creation of a new greek empire or restored eastern roman empire rules by her grandson konstantin pavlovich as their own emperor 212 for which purposes an alliance was made between joseph ii s holy roman empire and catherine ii s russian empire 211 even during world war i russia had interests in conquering constantinople and in 1915 the entente agreed to give the city to the russians in case of a victory as part of the constantinople agreement by then the idea of claiming tsargrad blended into the wider slavophile movement 249 the russian revolution and the collapse of the tsardom in 1917 ended the dream 250 holy roman leonese dispute edit further information imperator totius hispaniae some argued that the imperial title was adopted in order to affirm the independence of león from charlemagne s restored western empire 251 carl erdmann associated the usage of the imperial title by the kings of castile to the decline of the power of salian emperors 252 the title had also was used to show suzerainty over the muslim and christian petty kingdoms of spain in the sense of a king of kings 253 unlike roman emperors castilian leonese rulers only claimed particular rule 254 and did not distinguish between emperors and kings 255 the imperial claims fell out of use after reaching its peak under alfonso vii 256 beginning in the 14th century various chronicles record an 11th century dispute over the imperial title between the holy roman emperor and king ferdinand i of león who is known to have used the title emperor imperator from at least 1056 the details of the dispute as recorded in the chronicles are clearly legendary they include the king of france demanding tribute from león and el cid declaring war on emperor pope and french king 257 in the 16th century the jesuit historian juan de mariana gave a fuller and more plausible account of the supposed 11th century dispute at the council of florence it in 1055 according to mariana the emperor henry iii urged pope victor ii to prohibit under severe penalties the use of the imperial title by ferdinand 258 this story is generally regarded as apocryphal although some modern authors have seen a kernel of historical truth in it antonio ballesteros beretta es argued that ferdinand adopted the title in opposition to henry iii s imperial pretensions edmund ernst stengel de believed the version found in mariana on the grounds that the latter probably used the now lost acts of the council of florence 259 ernst steindorff accepted it as an authentic transmission of the romancero tradition 260 the 13th century estoria de españa claims that the imperial title of alfonso vii was confirmed by the pope which is not backed up by contemporary documents which only call him rex 261 the annales cameracenses 1159 refer to our emperor hre the emperor of constantinople byzantium and the emperor of galicia castile león in contrast to the kings of gaul france and england 262 in 1256 alfonso x of castile would list the spanish emperors as his third imperial lineage alongside his roman hre and constantinopolitan ancestry in his bid for the 1257 imperial election 263 iconography edit further information reichsadler and quaternion eagle double headed eagle iconography across empires serbian eagle based on angelino dulcert s map 1339 during the reign of stefan dušan banner of the empire of trebizond 1380s late byzantine coat of arms house of palaiologos 1400s banner of the holy roman empire house of habsburg 1400 1806 coat of arms of ivan the terrible house of rurik 1577 coat of arms of the russian empire house of romanov 1882 coat of arms of the austrian empire house of habsburg 1815 the double headed eagle as used by the great seljuk empire and the seljuk sultanate of rome used variously by the ottoman empire ayyubid dynasty and mamluk sultanate timeline of rival empires edit byzantine latin empires holy roman empire russia ottoman empire bulgarian empires serbian empires see also edit legacy of the roman empire for a general overview of the roman empire s legacy succession of the roman empire for claims to being the successor of the roman empire succession to the byzantine empire for claims to being the successor of the byzantine empire greek east and latin west for the division of the mediterranean into distinct western and eastern linguistic and cultural spheres dating to the time of the roman empire east west schism for the division between roman and constantinopolitan patriarchal sees of the church emperor at home king abroad similar problem of the existence of multiple emperors claiming universal hegemony within sinosphere caesaropapism historiographical term for the extensive powers of the byzantine emperor in ecclesiastical affairs investiture controversy struggle between the holy roman empire and papacy for power over ecclesiastical appointments donation of constantine for the papacy s claim to roman imperial powers over secular affairs and to primacy over the byzantine see precedence among european monarchies order of precedence during usual papal ceremonies european balance of power a key factor in the foreign politics of the european great powers between the thirty years war and world war i king in prussia a title used by the prussian kings to avoid competition with the king of the romans holy roman emperor battle of constantinople 1147 consortium imperii sharing of roman imperial authority by two or more emperors footnotes edit the term was introduced in the first major treatise on the issue by w ohnsorge cf ohnsorge 1947 regi grecorum qui etiampropternimium fastum divitiarum suarum imperatorem the king of the greeks who even out of the extreme pride of his wealth calls himself emperor arnold of lübeck arnoldi chronica slavorum latin 25f german 23 ahmed i r 1603 1607 referred to himself as sahib kıran i memalik i rûm ve acem ve arab the lord of the fortunate conjunction of the roman persian and arab kingdoms 240 mehmed iv r 1648 1687 used the style ferman ferma yi memalik i rûm ve arab ve acem the one who issues orders to the roman arab and persian kingdoms 240 references edit citations edit kołodziejczyk 2012 p 189 1 2 3 nicol 1967 p 319 browning 1992 p 57 browning 1992 p 58 1 2 browning 1992 p 60 frassetto 2003 p 212 1 2 nelsen guth 2003 p 4 1 2 nelsen guth 2003 p 5 van tricht 2011 p 73 van tricht 2011 p 74 lamers 2015 p 65 1 2 3 4 5 6 muldoon 1999 p 47 1 2 nelson 2019 p 384 muldoon 1999 p 46 1 2 3 4 velde 2002 nicol 1967 p 320 browning 1992 p 61 garland 1999 p 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 west 2016 muldoon 1999 p 48 1 2 muldoon 1999 p 49 1 2 3 muldoon 1999 p 50 1 2 jenkins 1987 p 285 1 2 gibbs johnson 2002 p 62 nicol 1967 p 321 1 2 3 halsall 1996 nicol 1967 p 318 1 2 muldoon 1999 p 51 hoffmann 2009 p 118 brand 1968 p 15 brand 1968 p 176 1 2 3 brand 1968 p 177 1 2 brand 1968 p 178 brand 1968 p 179 brand 1968 p 180 brand 1968 p 181 loud 2010 p 79 brand 1968 p 182 brand 1968 p 184 brand 1968 p 185 brand 1968 p 187 brand 1968 p 188 1 2 3 van tricht 2011 p 64 brand 1968 p 189 brand 1968 p 190 brand 1968 p 191 brand 1968 p 192 brand 1968 p 193 brand 1968 p 194 van tricht 2011 p 61 van tricht 2011 p 62 setton 1976 p 14 1 2 vasilev 1936 p 3 1 2 van tricht 2011 p 63 van tricht 2011 p 75 van tricht 2011 p 76 1 2 van tricht 2011 p 77 1 2 3 4 burkhardt 2014 p 213 angelov 2019 pp 88 89 1 2 korobeinikov 2014 p 43 lock 2006 p 171 john of brienne s crusade in apulia 1229 burkhardt 2017 pp 304 309 angelov 2019 p 89 angelov 2019 pp 89 90 1 2 angelov 2019 p 271 jovanović 2022 pp 1229f 1 2 grégoire 1941 geanakoplos 1959 pp 140f geanakoplos 1959 pp 189f schneidmüller 2010 p 283 schneidmüller 2010 pp 283f frenken 2019 schneidmüller 2010 pp 275f geanakoplos 1959 pp 258 264 nicol 1967 p 338 geanakoplos 1959 pp 264 275 geanakoplos 1959 pp 286 290 geanakoplos 1959 p 341 fine 1994 p 194 nicol 1967 p 332 talbot 1991 p 1652 nicol 1967 p 316 nicol 1967 p 333 fodale 1988 burkhardt 2017 p 297 fine 1994 pp 372f 402 setton hazard 1975 p 150 geanakoplos 1975 p 47 1 2 foster 2015 p 67 1 2 witzmann 2023 1 2 nicol 1967 p 325 1 2 3 4 nicol 1967 p 326 f r 2010 p 159 1 2 dimitrov 2010 p 51 cholakov 2024 p 40 geier 2001 pp 60f madgearu 2016 p 129 sweeney 1973 p 321 sweeney 1973 p 322 sweeney 1973 pp 323f 1 2 3 4 f r 2010 p 160 madgearu 2016 p 135 madgearu 2016 p 128 madgearu 2016 p 136 dimitrov 2010 p 52 madgearu 2016 p 133 geier 2001 p 63 1 2 geier 2001 p 65 fine 1994 pp 125f setton 1976 p 55 angelov 2019 p 72 1 2 geier 2001 p 64 angelov 2019 pp 74f angelov 2019 p 75 nicol 1996 p 76 schmitt 2021 p 102 djokić 2023 p 118 schmitt 2021 pp 102f schmitt 2021 p 105 1 2 3 detrez 2014 p 519 schmitt 2021 p 237 schmitt 2021 p 118 rayfield 2013 p 69 rayfield 2013 p 71 grdzelidze 2012 p 61 rapp 1997 p 163 rapp 1997 p 577 1 2 lomouri 2000 p 184 gamkrelidze et al 2020 p 3 asatiani janelidze 2009 p 87 rapp 1997 p 574 asatiani janelidze 2009 p 102 rapp 1997 p 666 asatiani janelidze 2009 pp 94f eastmond 2004 p 20 eastmond 2004 pp 20 163 bronevskiy 2004 p 295 martin 1830 1 2 burkhardt 2014 p 211 burkhardt 2014 p 225 burkhardt 20...
|
