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sis a quick introduction 1 sep i haven t wrote about palaeoanthropology much recently but i have been meaning to write about homo floresiensis for a while now the diminutive hominin most likely a new homo species although this is still debated was discovered by chance on the indonesian island of flores in 2003 during the excavation of the liang bua cave site which was led by the now sadly deceased new zealand archaeologist mike morwood brown et al 2004 the team that excavated at liang bua cave found the remains for a probable 12 separate h floresiensis individuals dating from around 95 000 years ago to around 13 000 years ago 1 making h floresiensis one of the last hominin species to live in conjunction with our species h sapiens brown et al 2004 1055 one of the most complete individuals found at the site is lb1 an adult female aged around 30 who has almost both lower limbs upper right arm pelvis and cranium surviving see image below it is this individual that has become the holotype or type species for h floresiensis and on who most of the current research has and continues to focuses on brown et al 2004 brown 2012 falk et al 2005 henneburg et al 2014 the majority of this research has been focused on the skeletal remains themselves and archaeological context as attempts to extract ancient dna adna from the remains has not been successful likely due to the cave environment that the skeletons were excavated from and the fragmentary nature of the surviving adna morwood s team formally announced the details of the skeletal remains in 2004 and stated that the remains included primitive and derived features resulting from long term isolation and endemic dwarfing brown et al 2004 1055 56 it is important to note here that up until the excavation of h floresiensis in 2003 it was thought that only h erectus and h sapiens were the only homo hominins present in late pleistocene asia brown et al 2004 1056 later hominin finds such as at the denisova cave excavations in siberia in 2010 and the announcement of the denisovan species have highlighted that other unknown hominins were present in late pleistocene asian contexts helping to fundamental change and challenge the way that we think of the evolution of our species h sapiens reich et al 2010 1053 the species holotype is lb1 found in 2003 in the liang bua cave site on flores indonesia the adult female individual dates to 18 000 years old stood 3 5 ft tall and represents one of the most complete h floresiensis individuals found notice the large dentition relative to the overall cranium size image is not to scale image credit jennifer clark human origins program and chip clark smithsonian institution there are many issues surrounding the remains of the h floresiensis hominins that serve to obstruct and help obfuscate the research that has taken place into understanding the origin and anatomy of the floresiensis hominin inevitability this is ongoing as mcvie 2014 highlights in a recent guardian newspaper article thus it is pertinent to highlight them here to help understand where we are at with understanding the remains of the flores hominin indeed the h floresiensis case has all the unfortunate tropes of a spectacular palaeoanthropological find 2 the unexpectedness of the finds the bickering academics mishandling of remains etc and continues to show no sign of abating as is indicative above h floresiensis is a unique and interesting recent hominin ancestor even more so as the only physical remains of the species are the 12 individuals found and excavated at the liang bua cave site in indonesia it is the opposite to our modern notion of the much maligned neandertal being gracile petite and small in statue and body perhaps inevitably it was labelled a hobbit species although this word has led to problems with the tolkein estate the type specimen lb1 was quickly repudiated as a h sapiens individual with a pathology by several researchers and others who have at various times stated that all the h floresiensis individuals and in particular lb1 and partial skeleton lb6 display attributes varying from myxoedematous endemic cretinism oxnard et al 2010 brown 2012 laron syndrome falk et al 2009 see hawks 2007 or down syndrome benton 2014 henneburg et al 2014 there have also comparisons even being made of the singularity of the late pleistocene epoch species being compared to the k t impact boundary event 65 million years ago eckhardt et al 2014 which frankly is a little mystifying mcvie 2014 has highlighted a potential conflict of interest with regards to both the eckhardt et al 2014 and henneburg et al 2014 publications as there is a suggestion that henneburg who helped author both articles picked his reviewers to help favour his research team s hypothesis and investigation the journal that both of the articles were recently published in proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america or pnas does not operate a peer review policy in the recognised sense as most of the other respected journals use but uses its own specific and trusted system see here perhaps most surprising is the fact that this team have now published 3 separate papers each focusing on different pathological conditions each time in their continued belief that the h floresiensis remains are probable members of h sapiens and represent pathological processes henneburg et al 2014 regardless of the ongoing new species or not debate there must be further investigation of the context of the remains as hawks 2007 highlights it is the exact nature of where h floresiensis fits in both the evolutionary tree and the archaeological context of asia that remains to be thoroughly demonstrated this can only be determined by further finds with consolidated archaeological contexts over an extensive period of time and with luck further specimens of this hopeful new species the specimens of this population found on flores indonesia are both tantalising for the human evolution implications and frustrating for their apparent uniqueness in location and time as such the flores h floresiensis remains are surely one of the most interesting and divisive points of interest in the palaeoanthropological world today notes 1 a new analysis of the chosen radiocarbon samples and the stratigraphy of the cave site by sutikna et al 2016 has led to a serious revision in the chronology of the homo floresiensis fossils it seems that all fossil evidence of h floresiensis is older than 60 000 years which is a major revision and leaves a lot of questions regarding the contextual material culture and faunal remains and their association with the fossil hominins john hawks has covered the implications that this new article by sutikna et al has in a detailed and interesting read check it out here 2 an excellent counter example of this is the university of the witwatersrand and national geographic funded rising star project currently underway in south africa where the remains of a spectacular palaeoanthropological site with the evidence of numerous hominin individuals of some importance has been well and truly open to researchers and members of the public to take part in and to learn about this has included an extensive and on going social media presence and an open call for researchers to join collaborative workshops to study the remains lean more the smithsonian institute has a handy guide in introducing the hominins of human evolution at the human origins website and as a part of this there is a nice guide to h floresiensis over at evoanth adam benton maintains an up to date blog on evolutionary anthropology and he has discussed the h floreisensis remains in several interesting entries for a full round of the issues involved in the research of h floresiensis and the lb1 type fossil i highly recommend reading the wikipedia entry on the species which covers all pertinent academic articles published beauty in the bones has a detailed entry on the presentation of down syndrome in a more recent osteological context highlighting the fact that no features of down syndrome are pathognomonic in themselves bibliography benton a 2014 was the hobbit a human with downs syndrome probably not evoanth accessed 19 08 14 open access brown p 2012 lb1 and lb6 homo floresiensis are not modern human homo sapiens cretins journal of human evolution 62 2 201 224 brown p sutikna t morwood m j soejono r p jatmiko wayhu saptomo e rokus awe due 2004 a new small bodied hominin from the late pleistocene of flores indonesia nature 431 7012 1055 1061 eckhardt r b henneburg m weller a s hsu k j 2014 rare events in earth history include the lb1 human skeleton from flores indonesia as a developmental singularity not a unique taxon pnas 111 33 11961 11966 open access falk d hildebot c smith k morwood m j sutikna t brown p jatmiko e w s brunsden b prior f 2005 the brain of lb1 homo floresiensis science 308 5719 242 245 falk d hildebolt c smith k jungers w larson s morwood m sutikna t jatmiko e w s prior s 2009 the type specimen lb1 of homo floresiensis did hot have laron syndrome american journal of physical anthropology 140 1 52 63 hawks j 2007 another diagnosis for a hobbit john hawk s weblog accessed 24 08 14 open access henneberg m eckhardt r b chavanaves s hsu k j 2014 evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in lb1 from flores indonesia denotes down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species homo floresiensis pnas early view 1 6 open access mckie r 2014 homo floresiensis scientists clash over claims hobbit man was modern human with downs syndrome the guardian accessed 19 08 14 oxnard c obendorf p j kefford b j 2010 post cranial skeletons of hypothyroid cretins show a similar anatomical mosaic as homo floresiensis plos one 5 9 1 11 open access reich d green r e kircher m krause j patterson n durand e y viola b briggs a w stenzel u et al 2010 genetic history of an archaic hominin group from denisova cave in siberia nature 468 7327 1053 1060 open access sutikna t tocheri m w morwood m j saptomo e w awe r d wasisto s storey m 2016 revised stratigraphy and chronology for homo floresiensis at liang bua in indonesia nature in press doi 10 1038 nature17179 tags homo floresiensis human evolution palaeoanthropology comments 6 comments categories academia bioarchaeology hominin homo floresiensis homo sapiens human anatomy human evolution human osteology indonesian archaeology osteology palaeoanthropology palaeolithic pnas university of the witwatersrand palaeo updates call for palaeoanthropologists to study rising star hominin remains and start of john hawks human evolution mooc 22 jan another quick post here but one that highlights a project that is pretty impressive in its implications for palaeoanthropology also noted here is the start of a mooc massively open online course on human evolution that may interest the readers of this blog the rising star expedition in south africa has uncovered around 1200 skeletal elements from around 12 individual hominins in the first season of excavation an unparalleled find in the excavation of palaeoanthropological sites now the project is advertising openly for early career scientists to examine and describe the skeletal remains found in the cave my favourite quote palaeoheaven has arrived it s just solid fossils this is a unique opportunity in the field of paelaeoanthropology typically fossil hominin sites are kept secret with only a lucky few allowed access to prepare study and describe the fossils once they have been carefully excavated on site and taken to a palaeo laboratory to be looked at in more detail this is usually a process that can take years of careful work by a small team but the rising star expedition has been different from the very beginning with key members of the team tweeting and blogging every incredible scene of the south african cave site and openly advertising for participants now the team have advertised for early career scientists to apply for the chance to study the hominin fossils as stated on john hawks blog entry on the advertisement the rising star team want to recruit a large group of scientists to come together for a five week long workshop in may june of this year to study the remains and produce the first high quality and high impact research papers on this batch of fossil hominins here is rising star director lee berger s open invitation to study the hominin remains gathered from the rising star expedition project in south africa the announcement by lee berger professor at the university of the witwatersrand in south africa and describer of australopithecus sediba found at the malapa site graduate students who have finished their data collection and have the support of their supervisors will also be considered for the opportunity as john hawks states in his blog post the applicant for the workshop should be very clear in stating their experience and the datasets that they can bring to the project be clear about your own skills knowledge and value and do not be afraid to apply this is a fantastic opportunity to be involved in the study of human evolution at the very cutting edge of the research i wish all the applicants the best of luck and i look forward to the dissemination of the research itself in other news today marks the beginning of the 8 week free mooc course on human evolution past and future produced by the aforementioned palaeoanthropologist john hawks the mooc provided by coursera takes a in depth look at human evolution detailing not just the complexity of the fossil record but also of the genetic record the course includes all the exciting news from the rising star expedition and exciting footage and interviews with palaeoanthropologists at sites from around the world including the dmanisi site in georgia malapa in south africa and others i am particularly looking forward to the discussion of human evolution within the past 10 000 years and the stunning advancements made with extracting ancient dna from fossil hominins i joined this course a few months ago when i first mentioned the course on this blog but you can still join up now just remember that the course is split up into weekly topics so you may not want to miss one i have so far watched the majority of the interesting and well presented videos for the first week the focus of which is our place among the primates i cannot wait to join in and participate in the course fully hope to see you there find out more hear lee berger talk about the rising star expedition here 9 mins long the national geographic rising star expedition blog informative and up to date the john hawks and coursea mooc course human evolution past and future john hawks weblog a fantastic resource to learn about the latest articles in human evolution tags john hawks mooc palaeoanthropology rising star comments 4 comments categories australopithecus sediba dmanisi homo erectus education education outreach hominin human anatomy human evolution ...
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