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y weight has been kept to 23 cwt the depth of the multi tubular frame prevents the use of conventional side hinged doors and these cars are fitted with the roof hinged gull wing doors which characterise an exceedingly handsome and practical car an open touring version is available in competition the 300sl has become a powerful contender and abetted by the success of the grand prix cars and 300 slr has captured a substantial portion of the export market 76 mercedes benz 300 sl mercedes benz 300 sl 1956 ferrari 250 gt edit the 250gt ferrari must surely represent the ultimate in modern high speed sporting travel or gt competition and holds today a position similar to the bugatti 57sc of 1939 in 1962 the gto ferrari coupés had a remarkable season of successes in g t racing and have become the standard by which any competition coupé is measured and by steady development the ferrari 250gt has become one of the world s greatest cars motor sport march 1963 80 1953 saw the first serious attempt to series produce the ferrari motor car two models of the type 250 europa being produced the cars were an evolution of the previous models available with either the colombo or lampredi versions of the 250 v12 engine coil spring front suspension an improved sports gearbox four speeds with porsche synchromesh large drum brakes and luxurious outfitting a few appeared in motorsports but did not initially threaten the international mercedes benz 300 sl and porsche 356 competition 80 in the mille miglia of 1956 the first of the lightweight grand touring coupés driven by gendebien battled with the mercedes 300sl of metternich and einsendel 81 to come in fifth overall and first in g t over 2 000 c c the g t ferrari had arrived motor sport march 1963 80 after its 1956 debut the 250 gt went from strength to strength powered by the colombo 250 engine output was up to 240 bhp at 7 000 rpm a short wheelbase swb version of the 250 chassis was employed for improved handling and road holding in corners and top speed was up to 157 m p h 82 in 1957 gendebien finished third overall in the mille miglia and won the index of performance alfonso de portago 83 won the tour de france and gt races at montlhéry and castelfusano in a lightweight carrozzeria scaglietti 250 gt gendebien became a gran turismo specialist in 250 gts when he wasn t driving sports racing ferrari testa rossas red heads for their red engine covers achieving success in both the giro sicilia and tour de france in 1958 sports racing testa rossas swept the manufacturer s championship and in 1959 the t r engine was adapted to the 250 gt the spark plugs were relocated and each cylinder now had a separate intake port larger weber twin choke carburetors were employed in a triple configuration sports racing t r s employed six and some special customer cars had three four choke webers one choke per cylinder dry sump lubrication was employed and the camshaft valve timing was only slightly less than the full race testa rossas g t power was up to 267 bhp at 7 000 rpm 240 bhp at 6 800 rpm for road versions experiments were conducted with dunlop disc brakes which were adopted in 1960 along with an even shorter wheelbase for competizione versions 82 in 1962 the definitive competition gran turismo was unveiled the 250 gto a full testa rossa engine was employed albeit with black crinkle finish engine covers with six twin choke webers power was up to 300 bhp at 7 400 rpm and with a lightweight 2000 lb body and chassis the car was an immediate winner 84 remarkable as it might be on the circuit it is also a remarkable machine on the road one american ferrarist who owned and raced many g t ferraris commented that the g t o is an even more pleasant car on the road he maintains that it is most tractable and overheating in traffic congestions is no problem in its short lifetime the 250gto has established an enviable record it is also one of the most sought after competition cars as evidenced by recent european suggestions that black market g t o s bring higher prices than new ones the demand is greater than the supply motor sport march 1963 84 in november 2016 it was reported that a 1962 ferrari 250 gto was being offered for public sale normally brokers negotiate deals between extremely wealthy collectors behind closed doors gtos had previously been auctioned in 1990 and 2014 the 2017 sale was expected to reach us 56 000 000 00 the particular gto concerned the second of just thirty six ever made thus set to become the world s most expensive car 15 1953 ferrari 250 europa 1957 ferrari 250 gt berlinetta tour de france scaglietti 1959 ferrari 250 gt berlinetta swb 1962 ferrari 250 gto impact of racing edit the italian mille miglia thousand mile race held from 1927 to 1957 was central to the evolution of the gran turismo concept the event was one of the most important on the italian motor sport calendar and could attract up to five million spectators winning drivers such as tazio nuvolari rudolf caracciola and stirling moss and manufacturers such as alfa romeo bmw ferrari and porsche would become household names 85 according to enzo ferrari in my opinion the mille miglia was an epoch making event which told a wonderful story the mille miglia created our cars and the italian car industry the mille miglia permitted the birth of gt or grand touring cars which are now sold all over the world the mille miglia proved that by racing over open roads for 1 000 miles there were great technical lessons to be learned by the petrol and oil companies and by brake clutch transmission electrical and lighting component manufacturers fully justifying the old adage that motor racing improves the breed 86 87 the mille miglia is still celebrated today as one of the world s premier historic racing events 88 a closed sports coupé almost prevailed at le mans in 1938 when a carrozzeria touring bodied alfa romeo 8c 2900b driven by raymond sommer and clemente biondetti led the famous 24 hour race from the third lap until early sunday afternoon retiring only due to engine problems 89 johnny lurani was impressed by the dominant performance at the mille miglia in 1940 by a carrozzeria touring bodied bmw 328 coupé winning the event at over 100 mph average speed driven by fritz huschke von hanstein and walter bäumer 2 the bmw team included a splendid aerodynamic berlinetta wind tunnel designed by german specialists that was extremely fast at 135 mph i couldn t believe the speeds these bmws were capable of 2 1938 alfa romeo 2900b carrozzeria touring le mans 1940 bmw 328 coupé carrozzeria touring mille miglia 1948 ferrari 166 s no 003s berlinetta coachwork by carrozzeria allemano at the 1949 mille miglia 1950 ferrari 195 s berlinetta by carrozzeria touring at the coppa della toscana chassis no 0026m outright winner of the 1950 mille miglia driven by gianni marzotto in a double breasted suit 1951 ferrari 195 inter coupé by vignale chassis no 0083s at the coppa intereuropa at monza 1937 1948 csai edit italy s national governing body of motorsport was the commissione sportiva automobilistica italiana csai 90 count giovanni lurani cernuschi popularly known as johnny lurani was a key commissioner 91 he was also a senior member of the world governing body the fédération internationale de l automobile fia 8 lurani was instrumental in designing the regulations for the italian 1937 turismo nazionale championship whereby production vehicles approved by the csai were raced with the original chassis and engine layout as specified in the factory catalog and available for customers to buy 92 engines could be tuned and bored out but the bodywork had to conform to regulations the csai were concerned that fia known as aiacr at the time annexe c 93 sports cars were becoming little more than thinly disguised two seat grand prix racers far removed from the cars ordinary motorists could purchase from the manufacturers catalogs citation needed the csai was shut down by the italian fascist government under mussolini at the end of 1937 and replaced with a new organization called fasi 94 the italian fascists as in nazi germany sought control of motor racing as an important vehicle for national prestige and propaganda 95 96 97 fasi replaced turismo nazionale with the less strictly regulated sports nazionale championship which ran in 1938 and 1939 97 postwar the csai was re established and in 1947 italian national championships were held for both sports internazionale fia annexe c sports cars and sports nazionale sports nazionale was abolished in 1948 creating the opportunity for a new category in 1949 98 1949 coppa inter europa edit the first race specifically for grand touring motor cars at the time the regulations designed by johnny lurani 99 were actually called turismo veloce or fast touring 100 101 was the 1949 coppa inter europa 102 103 101 held over three hours on 29 may at the 6 3 kilometer autodromo nazionale di monza italy 45 it was won by a limited production v 12 engined ferrari 166 inter originally known as the sport with a coupé body by carrozzeria touring of milan with the superleggera system 104 after this race governing body csai officially introduced a new category called gran turismo internazionale for 1950 105 the regulations were drawn up by johnny lurani and fellow italian motor racing journalist and organiser corrado filippini 105 106 requiring for qualification the production of thirty models per year 53 thereby ruling out for the time being ferrari s hand built berlinettas nonetheless ferrari 166 including the upgraded mm mille miglia version were produced and raced in sports car categories as both open barchettas and closed berlinettas including winning the 1950 mille miglia outright 107 108 1950 mille miglia edit on the third weekend of april 1950 it was the occasion of the annual mille miglia one thousand miles from brescia to rome and back over closed public roads to include a gran turismo internazionale category for the first time twenty four gt cars were entered including alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss coupé touring cisitalia 202b berlinetta and fiat 1100 s coupé the field was rounded out by a solitary fiat based siata daina 109 alfa romeo took first place in the gran turismo internazionale category a creditable tenth overall and also second place in category followed by three cisitalias the overall race winning ferrari 195 s was also a gran turismo style coupé but in the over 2 000 sports car class in fact a special 166mm 195s berlinetta le mans chassis no 0026mm famously driven by giannino marzotto in a double breasted suit a fitting advertisement for his family s textile business 110 108 107 1950 coppa inter europa edit the 1950 coppa inter europa at monza was held in march separate races were held for sports cars and for gran turismo cars in four classes 750 1100 1500 and over 1500 ferrari entered and won the sports car 2000 class with a ferrari 166 mm berlinetta while an alfa romeo sperimentale over 2000 class won the sports car race overall 111 the gran turismo race was contested by lancia aprilia cisitalia 202b stanguellini gt 1100 fiat 500 alfa romeo 2500 and fiat zagato 112 the overall winner was wwii fighter ace franco bordoni s maserati a6 1500 47 1950 targa florio edit the annual targa florio in sicily was held the first weekend of april and featured a gran turismo internazionale category for the first time in two classes 1500 and over 1500 contested by lancia aprilia cisitalia 202 fiat 1100 maserati a6 and even a solitary british bristol 400 based on the successful pre war bmw 328 the gran turismo internazionale category was won by argentinian driver adolfo schwelm cruz in an alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss 113 schwelm cruz and alfa romeo repeated their success in the 1950 targa florio and mille miglia by winning the gran turismo category at the coppa della toscana in june 114 an alfa romeo 6c 2500 driven by salvatore amendola was also victorious in the gran turismo category of the coppa d oro delle dolomiti in july run through the dolomite mountains starting and finishing in the town of cortina d ampezzo 115 an alfa romeo 6c 2500 took the gran turismo honours again at the giro delle calabria in august 116 the alfa romeo 6c 2500 was based on a pre war design and is considered by some to be the last of the classic alfa romeos 117 1951 campionato gran turismo internazionale edit for 1951 the csai organised an italian national championship for the gran turismo internazionale category in four classes 750 1 500 2 000 and over 2 000 cc interest was attracted from manufacturers such as alfa romeo lancia maserati ferrari fiat and siata the championship was held over ten events including all the classic long distance road races the giro di sicilia the mille miglia the coppa della toscana the giro dell umbria the coppa d oro delle dolomiti the giro delle calabrie and the stella alpina as well as three circuit races the coppa inter europa at monza the circuito di caracalla night race in rome and the 6 ore di pescara 118 119 alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss villa d este 1949 fiat 1100 s coupé 1949 maserati a6 1500 pinin farina competition berlinetta 1949 1954 fia appendix j edit prior to 1954 internationally agreed motor sport regulations existed only for racing cars and sports cars fia appendix c 93 after a testy initial period citation needed the fia introduced for the 1954 motor racing calendar new appendix j 120 121 regulations covering production touring cars tuned special touring cars gran turismo cars and production sports cars this was the first officially sanctioned international recognition of the gran turismo category citation needed the 1954 gran turismo regulations stipulated cars for personal transport with closed bodywork built by the manufacturer of the chassis although open bodies and special coachwork were admissible if listed in the official catalog of the manufacturer of the chassis and if the weight of the car was at least the same as the closed standard model minimum production was 100 cars during 12 months and cars needed to have only two seats citation needed gran turismo categories under 1500 and over 1500 were first included in the world sportscar championship in round three of the 1954 season at the 1954 mille miglia the first placed gt car being the lancia aurelia b20 gt of serafini and mancini 122 gt entries would become a regular feature alongside their sports car brethren at international races from this time forward gt cars raced in world championship rounds at the targa florio from 1955 nürburgring from 1956 sebring from 1957 24 hours of le mans from 1959 and buenos aires from 1960 from which year every round of the world championship included gt cars in 1960 and 1961 an fia coupé de grand tourisme grand touring cup was awarded 123 124 125 126 in 1962 1984 seasons except of the 1982 season world sportscar championship titles were awarded to manufacturers of gt cars alongside to manufacturers of sports prototypes the fia grand touring c...
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