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press in the world its first book was printed in oxford in 1478 with the press officially granted the legal right to print books by decree in 1586 2 it is the second oldest university press after cambridge university press which was founded in 1534 3 4 5 it is a department of the university of oxford it is governed by a group of 15 academics the delegates of the press appointed by the vice chancellor of the university of oxford the delegates of the press are led by the secretary to the delegates who serves as oup s chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies oxford university press has had a similar governance structure since the 17th century 6 the press is located on walton street oxford opposite somerville college in the inner suburb of jericho for the last 400 years oup has focused primarily on the publication of pedagogical texts it continues this tradition today by publishing academic journals dictionaries english language resources bibliographies books on indology music classics literature and history as well as bibles and atlases oup has offices around the world primarily in locations that were once part of the british empire history edit matrices for casting type collected by bishop fell part of his collection now known as the fell types shown in the oup museum early origins 1480 1668 edit the university of oxford began printing around 1480 and became a major printer of bibles prayer books and scholarly works 7 oxford s chancellor archbishop william laud consolidated the legal status of the university s printing in the 1630s and petitioned charles i for rights that would enable oxford to compete with the stationers company and the king s printer he obtained a succession of royal grants and oxford s great charter in 1636 gave the university the right to print all manner of books 8 laud also obtained the privilege from the crown of printing the king james or authorized version of scripture at oxford 9 this privilege created substantial returns over the next 250 years 10 print shop establishment and expansion 1668 1830 edit following the english civil war vice chancellor john fell dean of christ church bishop of oxford and secretary to the delegates was determined to install printing presses in 1668 making it the university s first central print shop 11 in 1674 oup began to print a broadsheet calendar known as the oxford almanack that was produced annually without interruption from 1674 to 2019 12 13 fell drew up the first formal programme for the university s printing which envisaged hundreds of works including the bible in greek editions of the coptic gospels and works of the church fathers texts in arabic and syriac comprehensive editions of classical philosophy poetry and mathematics a wide range of medieval scholarship and also a history of insects more perfect than any yet extant 14 oxford university press building from walton street the early 18th century marked a lull in the press s expansion it suffered from the absence of any figure comparable to fell the business was rescued by the intervention of a single delegate william blackstone disgusted by the chaotic state of the press and antagonized by vice chancellor george huddesford blackstone called for sweeping reforms that would firmly set out the delegates powers and obligations officially record their deliberations and accounting and put the print shop on an efficient footing 15 the university moved to adopt all of blackstone s reforms by 1760 16 by the late 18th century the press had become more focused in 1825 the delegates bought land on walton street buildings were constructed from plans drawn up by daniel robertson and edward blore and the press moved into them in 1830 17 commercial growth and scholarly publishing 1830 1900 edit the press then entered an era of enormous change in 1830 it was still a joint stock printing business in an academic backwater offering learned works to a relatively small readership of scholars and clerics 18 at this time thomas combe joined the press and became the university s printer until he died in 1872 combe was a better businessman than most delegates but still no innovator he failed to grasp the huge commercial potential of india paper which grew into one of oxford s most profitable trade secrets in later years 19 even so combe earned a fortune through his shares in the business and the acquisition and renovation of the bankrupt paper mill at wolvercote combe showed little interest however in producing fine printed work at the press 20 the best known text associated with his print shop was the flawed first edition of alice s adventures in wonderland printed by oxford at the expense of its author lewis carroll charles lutwidge dodgson in 1865 21 it took the 1850 royal commission on the workings of the university and a new secretary bartholomew price to shake up the press 22 appointed in 1868 price had already recommended to the university that the press needed an efficient executive officer to exercise vigilant superintendence of the business including its dealings with alexander macmillan who became the publisher for oxford s printing in 1863 and 1866 helped price to create the clarendon press series of cheap elementary school books perhaps the first time that oxford used the clarendon imprint 23 under price the press began to take on its modern shape major new lines of work began for example in 1875 the delegates approved the series sacred books of the east under the editorship of friedrich max müller bringing a vast range of religious thought to a wider readership 24 equally price moved oup towards publishing in its own right the press had ended its relationship with parker s in 1863 and in 1870 bought a small london bindery for some bible work 25 macmillan s contract ended in 1880 and was not renewed by this time oxford also had a london warehouse for bible stock in paternoster row and in 1880 its manager henry frowde 1841 1927 was given the formal title of publisher to the university frowde came from the book trade not the university and remained an enigma to many one obituary in oxford s staff magazine the clarendonian admitted very few of us here in oxford had any personal knowledge of him 26 despite that frowde became vital to oup s growth adding new lines of books to the business presiding over the massive publication of the revised version of the new testament in 1881 27 and playing a key role in setting up the press s first office outside britain in new york city in 1896 28 price transformed oup in 1884 the year he retired as secretary the delegates bought back the last shares in the business 29 the press was now owned wholly by the university with its own paper mill print shop bindery and warehouse its output had increased to include school books and modern scholarly texts such as james clerk maxwell s a treatise on electricity magnetism 1873 which proved fundamental to einstein s thought 30 without abandoning its traditions or quality of work price began to turn oup into an alert modern publisher in 1879 he also took on the publication that led that process to its conclusion the massive project that became the oxford english dictionary oed 31 offered to oxford by james murray and the philological society the new english dictionary was a grand academic and patriotic undertaking lengthy negotiations led to a formal contract murray was to edit a work estimated to take ten years and to cost approximately 9 000 32 both figures were wildly optimistic the dictionary began appearing in print in 1884 but the first edition was not completed until 1928 13 years after murray s death costing around 375 000 33 the next secretary philip lyttelton gell was appointed by the vice chancellor benjamin jowett in 1884 but struggled and was finally dismissed in 1897 34 the assistant secretary charles cannan was instrumental in gell s removal 35 cannan took over with little fuss and even less affection for his predecessor in 1898 gell was always here but i cannot make out what he did 36 contemporary era 1900 present edit by the early 20th century oup expanded its overseas trade partly due to the efforts of humphrey milford the publisher of the university of oxford from 1913 to 1945 the 1920s saw skyrocketing prices of both materials and labour paper was hard to come by and had to be imported from south america through trading companies economies and markets slowly recovered as the 1920s progressed in 1928 the press s imprint read london edinburgh glasgow leipzig toronto melbourne cape town bombay calcutta madras and shanghai not all of these were full fledged branches in leipzig there was a depot run by h bohun beet and in canada and australia there were small functional depots in the cities and an army of educational representatives penetrating the rural fastnesses to sell the press s stock as well as books published by firms whose agencies were held by the press very often including fiction and light reading in india the branch depots in bombay madras and calcutta were imposing establishments with sizeable stock inventories for the presidencies themselves were large markets and the educational representatives there dealt mostly with upcountry trade 37 in 1923 oup established a music department 38 at the time such musical publishing enterprises however were rare 39 oup bought an anglo french music company and all its facilities connections and resources 38 this concentration provided oup two mutually reinforcing benefits a niche in music publishing unoccupied by potential competitors and a branch of music performance and composition that the english themselves had largely neglected hinnells proposes that the early music department s mixture of scholarship and cultural nationalism in an area of music with largely unknown commercial prospects was driven by its sense of cultural philanthropy given the press s academic background and a desire to promote national music outside the german mainstream 40 it was not until 1939 that the music department showed its first profitable year 41 the depression of 1929 dried profits from the americas to a trickle and india became the one bright spot in an otherwise dismal picture bombay was the nodal point for distribution to africa and onward sale to australasia and people who trained at the three major depots later moved to pioneer branches in africa and southeast asia 37 in 1927 1934 oxford university press inc new york was reorganized by geoffrey cumberlege to return it to profitability from the lows of the depression years in 1945 1956 cumberlege would succeed milford as publisher to the university of oxford 42 by the end of 2021 oup usa had published eighteen pulitzer prize winning books 43 in march 2020 during the covid 19 pandemic its bookshop on the high street closed 44 on 27 august 2021 oup closed oxuniprint its printing division the closure marked the final chapter of oup s centuries long history of printing 45 clarendon press edit oup came to be known as the clarendon press when printing moved from the sheldonian theatre to the clarendon building in broad street in 1713 the name continued to be used when oup moved to its present site in oxford in 1830 the label clarendon press took on a new meaning when oup began publishing books through its london office in the early 20th century to distinguish the two offices london books were labelled oxford university press publications while those from oxford were labelled clarendon press books this labelling ceased in the 1970s when the london office of oup closed today oup reserves clarendon press as an imprint for oxford publications of particular academic importance 46 scholarly journals edit oup as oxford journals has also been a major publisher of academic journals both in the sciences and the humanities as of 2024 update it publishes more than 500 journals on behalf of learned societies around the world 47 it has been noted as one of the first university presses to publish an open access journal nucleic acids research and probably the first to introduce so called hybrid open access journals offering optional open access to authors which provides all readers with online access to their paper free of charge 48 the oxford open model applies to the majority of their journals 49 oup is a member of the open access scholarly publishers association 50 oup is a signatory of the sdg publishers compact 51 52 and has taken steps to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals sdgs in the publishing industry 53 54 55 56 these include the publishing of a new series of oxford open journals including oxford open climate change oxford open energy oxford open immunology oxford open infrastructure and health and oxford open digital health 57 58 59 series and titles edit oxford university press dictionaries seven of the twenty volumes of the oxford english dictionary second edition 1989 oxford university press publishes a variety of dictionaries e g oxford english dictionary shorter oxford english dictionary compact oxford english dictionary compact editions of the oxford english dictionary compact oxford english dictionary of current english concise oxford english dictionary oxford dictionary of marketing oxford advanced learner s dictionary english as a second or foreign language resources e g let s go english language exams e g oxford test of english and the oxford placement test bibliographies e g oxford bibliographies online 60 miscellaneous series such as very short introductions and books on indology music classics literature history bibles and atlases many of these are published under the oxford languages brand clarendon scholarships edit since 2001 oxford university press has financially supported the clarendon bursary a university of oxford graduate scholarship scheme 61 controversies edit tehran book fair controversy edit in february 1989 iran s ayatollah khomeini issued a fatwa urging the execution of british author salman rushdie and of all involved in the publication of his novel the satanic verses rushdie went into hiding and an international movement began to boycott book trading with iran there was therefore outrage when in april 1989 oup broke the worldwide embargo and chose to attend the tehran book fair oup justified this by saying we deliberated about it quite deeply but felt it certainly wasn t in our interests or iran s as a whole to stay away 62 the new york times 63 and the sunday times 64 both condemned oxford s decision malcolm vs oxford university 1986 1992 edit in 1990 in the uk court of appeal author andrew malcolm won a landmark legal judgment against oxford university press for its breach of a contract to publish his philosophical text making names reporting on the verdict in the observer laurence marks wrote it is the first time in living memory that grub street has won such a victory over its oppressors 65 the appeal court judges were highly critical of oxford s con...
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