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mål polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська vepsän kel 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia indigenous tribe originating from the great plains and great lakes of the u s this article is about the native american people for the capital city of wyoming see cheyenne wyoming for other uses see cheyenne disambiguation not to be confused with cayenne ethnic group cheyenne tsétsėhéstȧhese total population 22 970 northern 10 840 1 southern 12 130 2 regions with significant populations united states montana oklahoma languages cheyenne english plains sign talk religion traditional tribal religion native american church and christianity related ethnic groups arapaho blackfoot suhtai and other algonquian peoples the cheyenne ʃ aɪ ˈ æ n ʃ aɪ ˈ ɛ n shy an shy en 3 are an indigenous people of the great plains the cheyenne comprise two native american tribes the só taeo o or só taétaneo o more commonly spelled as suhtai or sutaio and the tsétsėhéstȧhese also spelled tsitsistas t͡sɪt͡shɪstʰɑs 4 the tribes merged in the early 19th century today the cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations the southern cheyenne who are enrolled in the cheyenne and arapaho tribes in oklahoma and the northern cheyenne who are enrolled in the northern cheyenne tribe of the northern cheyenne indian reservation in montana the cheyenne language belongs to the algonquian language family yellow bear cheyenne man over the past 400 years the cheyenne have changed their lifestyles from great lakes woodlands to northern plains and by the mid 19th century the us government forced them onto reservations at the time of their first european contact in the 16th century the cheyenne lived in what is now minnesota they were close allies of the arapaho and loosely aligned with the lakota by the early 18th century they were forced west by other tribes across the missouri river and into north and south dakota 4 where they adopted the horse culture having settled the black hills of south dakota and the powder river country of present day montana and wyoming they introduced the horse culture to lakota people around 1730 the main group of cheyenne the tsêhéstáno was once composed of ten bands that spread across the great plains from southern colorado to the black hills in south dakota they fought their historic enemies the crow and later 1856 79 the united states army in the mid 19th century the bands began to split with some bands choosing to remain near the black hills while others chose to remain near the platte rivers of central colorado with the arapaho the cheyenne pushed the kiowa to the southern plains in turn they were pushed west by the more numerous lakota 5 the northern cheyenne known in cheyenne either as notameohmésėhese meaning northern eaters or simply as ohmésėhese meaning eaters live in southeastern montana on the northern cheyenne indian reservation tribal enrollment figures as of late 2014 indicate that there are approximately 10 840 members of which about 4 939 reside on the reservation approximately 91 of the population are native americans full or part race with 72 8 identifying themselves as cheyenne slightly more than one quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than english 6 the southern cheyenne known in cheyenne as heévâhetaneo o meaning roped people together with the southern arapaho form the cheyenne and arapaho tribes in western oklahoma their combined population is 12 130 as of 2008 update 2 in 2003 approximately 8 000 of these identified themselves as cheyenne although with continuing intermarriage it has become increasingly difficult to separate the tribes 4 cheyenne hide dress c 1920 gilcrease museum cheyenne beaded hide shirt woolaroc cheyenne model tipi buffalo hide 1860 name edit w richard west jr former director and cofounder of the smithsonian s national museum of the american indian the cheyenne called themselves tsétsêhéstâhese more commonly as the tsitsistas singular tsétsêhéstaestse which translates to those who are like this 7 the suhtai also called the só taeo o só taétaneo o sutaio singular só taétane traveled with the tsétsêhéstâhese and merged with them after 1832 8 the suhtai had slightly different speech and customs from the tsétsêhéstâhese 9 the name cheyenne derives from the lakota sioux exonym šahíyena meaning little šahíya the identity of the šahíya is not known but many great plains tribes assume that it means cree or another people who spoke an algonquian language related to cree and cheyenne 10 better source needed the cheyenne name for ojibwe is sáhea eo o a word that sounds similar to the lakota word šahíya citation needed another of the common etymologies for cheyenne is a bit like the people of an alien speech literally red talker 11 according to george bird grinnell the lakota had referred to themselves and fellow siouan language bands as white talkers and those of other language families such as the algonquian cheyenne as red talkers šahíyena 9 the etymology of the name tsitsistas tsétsėhéstȧhese which the cheyenne call themselves is uncertain according to the cheyenne dictionary offered online by chief dull knife college there is no consensus and various origins and translation of the word have been proposed grinnell s record is typical and states they call themselves tsistsistas sic tsitsistas is the correct pronunciation which the books commonly give as meaning people it most likely means related to one another similarly bred like us our people or us 12 the term for the cheyenne homeland is tsistano language edit main article cheyenne language the cheyenne of montana and oklahoma speak the cheyenne language known as tsėhésenėstsestȯtse common spelling tsisinstsistots approximately 800 people speak cheyenne in oklahoma 4 there are only a handful of vocabulary differences between the two locations the cheyenne alphabet contains 14 letters the cheyenne language is one of the larger algonquian language group formerly the só taeo o só taétaneo o or suhtai sutaio bands of southern and northern cheyenne spoke só taéka ėškóne or só taenėstsestȯtse a language so close to tsėhésenėstsestȯtse cheyenne language that it is sometimes termed a cheyenne dialect citation needed history edit cheyenne woman photograph by edward s curtis 1930 the earliest written record of the cheyenne was in the mid 17th century when a group of cheyenne visited the french fort crevecoeur near present day peoria illinois the cheyenne at this time lived between the mississippi river and mille lacs lake in minnesota their economy was based on the collection of wild rice and hunting especially of bison which lived in the prairies 70 to 80 miles west of the cheyenne villages 13 according to tribal history during the 17th century the cheyenne were driven by the assiniboine hóheeheo o from the great lakes region to present day minnesota and north dakota where they established villages the most prominent of the ancient cheyenne villages is biesterfeldt village in eastern north dakota along the sheyenne river they first reached the missouri river in 1676 14 a more recent analysis of early records posits that at least some of the cheyenne remained in the mille lac region of minnesota until about 1765 when the ojibwe defeated the dakota with firearms pushing the cheyenne in turn to the minnesota river where they were reported in 1766 15 on the missouri river the cheyenne came into contact with the neighboring mandan hidatsa tsé heše émâheónese people who have soil houses and arikara people ónoneo o adopting many of their cultural characteristics they were first of the later plains tribes to move into the black hills and powder river country about 1730 they introduced the horse to lakota bands ho óhomo eo o conflict with migrating lakota and ojibwe people forced the cheyenne further west and they in turn pushed the kiowa to the south 16 by 1776 the lakota had overwhelmed the cheyenne and taken over much of their territory near the black hills in 1804 lewis and clark visited a surviving cheyenne village in what is now north dakota such european explorers learned many different names for the cheyenne and did not realize how the different sections were forming a unified tribe 16 the modern cheyenne people descend from two closely related tribes the tsétsėhéstȧhese tsitsistas cheyenne proper often regarded as the main cheyenne people and só taeo o só taétaneo o are more commonly known as the suhtai or sutaio the latter merged with the tsétshéstȧhese in the mid 19th century their oral history relays that both tribal peoples are characterized and represented by two cultural heroes or prophets who received divine articles from their god ma heo o whom the só taeo o called he emo cheyenne woman and child the tsétsėhéstȧhese tsitsistas prophet motsé eóeve sweet medicine standing sweet root standing commonly called sweet medicine received the maahótse sacred arrows bundle at nóávóse medicine sacred hill name for bear butte northwest of rapid city south dakota 17 which they carried when they waged tribal level war 16 18 19 and were kept in the maahéome arrow lodge or arrow tepee he organized the structure of cheyenne society their military or war societies led by prominent warriors their system of legal justice and the council of forty four peace chiefs the latter was formed from four véhoo o chiefs or leaders of the ten principal manaho bands and an additional four old man meetings to deliberate at regular tribal gatherings centered around the sun dance 4 sweet medicine is the cheyenne prophet who predicted the coming of the horse the cow the white man and other new things to the cheyenne he was named for motsé eonȯtse sweetgrass one of the sacred plant medicines used by many plains peoples in ceremonies the maahótse sacred arrows are symbols of male power the ésevone hóhkėha e sacred buffalo hat is the symbol of female power the sacred buffalo hat and the sacred arrows together form the two great covenants of the cheyenne nation through these two bundles ma heo o assures continual life and blessings for the people citation needed the só taeo o prophet tomȯsévėséhe erect horns received the ésevone aka is siwun sacred buffalo hat bundle at tȯhóonévose stone hammer mountain near the great lakes in the present state of minnesota the ésevone hóhkėha e sacred buffalo hat is kept in the vonȧhéome old term or hóhkėha éome new term sacred hat lodge sacred hat tepee erect horns gave them the accompanying ceremonies and the sun dance his vision convinced the tribe to abandon their earlier sedentary agricultural traditions to adopt nomadic plains horse culture they replaced their earth lodges with portable tipis and switched their diet from fish and agricultural produce to mainly bison and wild fruits and vegetables their lands ranged from the upper missouri river into what is now wyoming montana colorado and south dakota citation needed the ésevone hóhkėha e sacred buffalo hat is kept among the northern cheyenne and northern só taeo o the tséá enōvȧhtse sacred buffalo hat keeper or keeper of the sacred buffalo hat must belong to the só taeo o northern or southern alike in the 1870s tribal leaders became disenchanted with the keeper of the bundle demanded the keeper broken dish give up the bundle he agreed but his wife did not and desecrated the sacred hat and its contents a ceremonial pipe and a buffalo horn were lost in 1908 a cheyenne named three fingers gave the horn back to the hat the pipe came into possession of a cheyenne named burnt all over who gave it to hattie goit of poteau oklahoma who in 1911 gave the pipe to the oklahoma historical society in 1997 the oklahoma historal society negotiated with the northern cheyenne to return the pipe to the tribal keeper of the sacred medicine hat bundle james black wolf 20 expansion on the plains edit chief wolf on the hill cheyenne portrait by george catlin 1832 in fort pierre south dakota after being pushed south and westward by the lakota the cheyenne began to establish new territory around 1811 the cheyenne formally allied with the arapaho people hetanevo eo o which would remain strong throughout their history and into the present the alliance helped the cheyenne expand their territory that stretched from southern montana through most of wyoming the eastern half of colorado far western nebraska and far western kansas citation needed by 1820 american traders and explorers reported contact with cheyenne at present day denver colorado and on the arkansas river the cheyenne likely hunted and traded in denver much earlier they may have migrated to the south for winter the hairy rope band is reputed to have been the first band to move south capturing wild horses as far south as the cimarron river valley 21 in response to the construction of bent s fort by charles bent a non native trader and ally a large portion of the tribe moved further south and stayed around the area 22 the other part of the tribe continued to live along the headwaters of the north platte and yellowstone rivers the groups became the southern cheyenne or sówoníă southerners and the northern cheyenne or o mǐ sǐs eaters the two divisions maintained regular and close contact citation needed in the southern portion of their territory the cheyenne and arapaho warred with the allied comanche kiowa and plains apache numerous battles were fought including a notable fight along the washita river in 1836 with the kiowa which resulted in the death of 48 cheyenne warriors of the bowstring society 23 in summer 1838 many cheyenne and arapaho attacked a camp of kiowa and comanche along wolf creek in oklahoma resulting in heavy losses from both sides among the losses were white thunder keeper of the medicine arrows and owl woman s father flat war club cheyenne and sleeping wolf kiowa 24 conflict with the comanche kiowa and plains apache ended in 1840 when the tribes allied with each other the new alliance allowed the cheyenne to enter the llano estacado in the texas and oklahoma panhandles and northeastern new mexico to hunt bison and trade their expansion in the south and alliance with the kiowa led to their first raid into mexico in 1853 the raid ended in disaster with heavy resistance from mexican lancers resulting in all but three of the war party being killed citation needed to the north the cheyenne allied with the lakota which allowed them to expand their territory into part of their former lands around the black hills by heading into the rocky mount...
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