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s 2s in us navy service were not armed with integral machine guns and there is no evidence that they were ever armed with podded machine guns on the underwing hard points either the aircraft type was misidentified or else the shooting never happened that is not to say that the soviet crew completely made up this story it is possible they imagined a shooting due to the psychological pressure they were under and that possibility certainly is a pertinent part of the event references scott len hughes r gerald 2015 the cuban missile crisis a critical reappraisal taylor francis p 17 isbn 978 1 317 55541 4 archived from the original on 29 july 2016 retrieved 31 december 2015 society national geographic 21 april 2021 kennedy quarantines cuba national geographic society archived from the original on 5 december 2019 retrieved 11 may 2022 1 2 colman jonathan 1 may 2019 toward world support and the ultimate judgment of history the u s legal case for the blockade of cuba during the missile crisis october november 1962 journal of cold war studies 21 2 150 173 doi 10 1162 jcws_a_00879 issn 1520 3972 milestones 1961 1968 the cuban missile crisis october 1962 office of the historian archived from the original on 3 april 2019 1 2 william taubman khrushchev the man and his era 2004 p 579 jeffery d shields 7 march 2016 the malin notes glimpses inside the kremlin during the cuban missile crisis pdf woodrow wilson international center for scholars the kennedy tapes inside the white house during the cuban missile crisis norton 2002 p 421 isbn 978 0 393 32259 0 one hell of a gamble khrushchev castro and kennedy 1958 1964 journal of cold war studies 2002 retrieved 31 august 2015 1 2 yaffe helen 2020 we are cuba how a revolutionary people have survived in a post soviet world new haven yale university press pp 14 22 176 181 isbn 978 0 300 23003 1 bolender keith 2012 cuba under siege american policy the revolution and its people new york palgrave macmillan pp x 14 18 20 45 57 63 64 et passim doi 10 1057 9781137275554 isbn 978 1 137 27554 7 the economic inequality and social unrest was brought to a head under the brutal batista dictatorship supported by american arms money and authority an estimated 20 000 were killed opposing the government from 1955 to his overthrow with even president john f kennedy using this figure in a rare expression of sympathy for revolutionary goals kennedy also came closest to recognizing america could not claim ignorance of the harm its neocolonial control was inflicting on the inhabitants transformation came swiftly completely and often framed in direct conflict with american immoderations popular support for radicalization was possible only by aiming it at the social inequalities associated with foreign domination of which the greater part of the cuban population particularly in the rural areas had tired of finally the backing of the countryside permitted castro to act ruthlessly to ensure his revolution would not suffer the same fate as grau s concurrently america s hostile reaction worked in harmony if not intentionally with castro s political ambitions he comprehended the turmoil and incongruities of american dominated prerevolution society had to end kapstein ethan b december 2020 private enterprise international development and the cold war journal of cold war studies 22 4 cambridge ma mit press 113 145 doi 10 1162 jcws_a_00967 issn 1520 3972 1 2 yaffe helen 2020 we are cuba how a revolutionary people have survived in a post soviet world new haven yale university press pp 67 176 181 isbn 978 0 300 23003 1 what have cuba s revolutionary people survived for six decades the caribbean island has withstood manifold and unrelenting aggression from the world s dominant economic and political power overt and covert military actions sabotage and terrorism by us authorities and allied exiles the first central intelligence agency cia plan for paramilitary action in cuba was developed in december 1959 less than a year after batista fled the island and well before the us blockade was imposed the cia recruited operatives inside cuba to carry out terrorism and sabotage killing civilians and causing economic damage piccone ted miller ashley 19 december 2016 cuba the u s and the concept of sovereignty toward a common vocabulary report washington brookings institution archived from the original on 7 july 2017 retrieved 6 january 2023 president dwight d eisenhower approved a plan to train cuban exiles to commit violent acts of terrorism within cuba against civilians and the cia trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields u s government officials justified some of the terrorist attacks on cuban soil on the grounds of coercive regime change domínguez lópez ernesto yaffe helen 2 november 2017 the deep historical roots of cuban anti imperialism third world quarterly 38 11 abingdon taylor francis 2517 2535 doi 10 1080 01436597 2017 1374171 s2cid 149249232 in international terms cuba s revolution dented the us sphere of influence weakening the us position as a global power these were the structural geopolitical motivations for opposing cuba s hard won independence the bay of pigs playa giron invasion and multiple military invasion plans programmes of terrorism sabotage and subversion were part of washington s reaction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 franklin jane 2016 cuba and the u s empire a chronological history new york new york university press pp 45 63 388 392 et passim isbn 978 1 58367 605 9 retrieved 2 february 2020 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 absher kenneth michael 2009 mind sets and missiles a first hand account of the cuban missile crisis strategic studies institute united states army war college archived from the original on 20 april 2010 retrieved 29 april 2010 domínguez jorge i april 2000 the missile crisis pdf diplomatic history 24 2 boston oxford blackwell publishers oxford university press 305 316 doi 10 1111 0145 2096 00214 archived pdf from the original on 7 september 2020 retrieved 6 september 2019 via weatherhead center for international affairs harvard university on the afternoon of 16 october attorney general robert f kennedy convened in his office a meeting on operation mongoose the code name for a u s policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at cuba the kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against cuba as the confrontation with the soviet union lessened only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a us official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to us government sponsored terrorism schoultz lars 2009 state sponsored terrorism that infernal little cuban republic the united states and the cuban revolution chapel hill university of north carolina press pp 170 211 isbn 978 0 8078 8860 5 retrieved 2 february 2020 what more could be done how about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up such targets as refineries power plants micro wave stations radio and tv installations strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities military and naval installations and equipment certain industrial plants and sugar refineries the cia proposed just that approach a month after the bay of pigs and the state department endorsed the proposal in early november six months after the bay of pigs jfk authorized the cia s program of covert action now dubbed operation mongoose and named lansdale its chief of operations a few days later president kennedy told a seattle audience we cannot as a free nation compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror assassination false promises counterfeit mobs and crises perhaps but the mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try prados john jimenez bacardi arturo eds 3 october 2019 kennedy and cuba operation mongoose national security archive report washington d c george washington university archived from the original on 2 november 2019 retrieved 3 april 2020 the kennedy administration had been quick to set up a cuba task force with strong representation from cia s directorate of plans and on august 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring castro while attacking civilian targets inside cuba our covert activities would now be directed toward the destruction of targets important to the cuban economy document 4 while acting through cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to castro the task force will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact the memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks erlich reese 2008 dateline havana the real story of u s policy and the future of cuba abingdon new york routledge pp 26 29 isbn 978 1 317 26160 5 retrieved 2 february 2020 officially the united states favored only peaceful means to pressure cuba in reality us leaders also used violent terrorist tactics operation mongoose began in november 1961 us operatives attacked civilian targets including sugar refineries saw mills and molasses storage tanks some 400 cia officers worked on the project in washington and miami operation mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed cubans but they failed to achieve their goal of regime change brenner philip 2002 turning history on its head national security archive washington d c george washington university archived from the original on 24 august 2017 retrieved 2 january 2020 in october 1962 the united states was waging a war against cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the cuban leader terrorist acts against cuban civilians and sabotage of cuban factories 1 2 18 19 20 12 15 21 22 brenner philip march 1990 cuba and the missile crisis journal of latin american studies 22 1 2 cambridge university press 115 142 doi 10 1017 s0022216x00015133 s2cid 145075193 archived pdf from the original on 7 september 2020 retrieved 2 september 2019 while operation mongoose was discontinued early in 1963 terrorist actions were reauthorised by the president in october 1963 13 major cia actions against cuba were approved for the next two months alone including the sabotage of an electric power plant a sugar mill and an oil refinery authorised cia raids continued at least until 1965 lansdale edward 18 january 1962 smith louis j ed program review by the chief of operations operation mongoose foreign relations of the united states report 1961 1963 vol x cuba washington d c office of the historian archived from the original on 8 april 2016 retrieved 19 february 2020 rodriguez felix i weisman john 1989 shadow warrior the cia hero of 100 unknown battles simon and schuster isbn 978 0 671 66721 4 proclamation 3447 embargo on all trade with cuba pdf us government printing office 3 february 1962 archived pdf from the original on 5 june 2015 retrieved 28 september 2014 brenner philip 1992 thirteen months cuba s perspective on the missile crisis in nathan james a ed the cuban missile crisis revisited new york st martin s press pp 187 218 isbn 978 1 137 11462 4 zubok vladislav m 1994 unwrapping the enigma what was behind the soviet challenge in the 1960s in kunz diane b ed the diplomacy of the crucial decade american foreign relations during the 1960s new york columbia university press pp 149 181 isbn 978 0 231 08177 1 1 2 mikoyan sergo 2012 the soviet cuban missile crisis castro mikoyan kennedy khrushchev and the missiles of november redwood city stanford university press pp 91 99 isbn 978 0 8047 6201 4 archived from the original on 31 december 2022 retrieved 31 december 2022 miller nicola 2002 the real gap in the cuban missile crisis the post cold war historiography and continued omission of cuba in carter dale clifton robin eds war and cold war in american foreign policy 1942 62 basingstoke palgrave macmillan pp 211 237 isbn 978 1 4039 1385 2 retrieved 2 february 2020 28 29 30 31 getchell michelle 2018 operation anadyr soviet missiles in cuba the cuban missile crisis and the cold war a short history with documents indianapolis hackett publishing company pp 70 93 isbn 978 1 62466 742 8 a special national intelligence estimate drawn up in september had analyzed the soviet military buildup in cuba and concluded that its purpose was to strengthen the communist regime there against what the cubans and the soviets conceive to be a danger that the us may attempt by one means or another to overthrow it cia 19 september 1962 smith louis j ed special national intelligence estimate the military buildup in cuba foreign relations of the united states report 1961 1963 vol x cuba washington d c office of the historian 85 3 62 archived from the original on 15 october 2012 retrieved 19 february 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 correll john t august 2005 airpower and the cuban missile crisis air force magazine 88 8 archived from the original on 13 june 2013 retrieved 4 may 2010 berlin wall encyclopaedia britannica 7 september 2023 kempe frederick 2011 berlin 1961 penguin group usa p 491 alexeyev alexandr interview pdf archived pdf from the original on 29 march 2013 retrieved 30 march 2013 1 2 allison graham and philip zelikow 1999 essence of decision explaining the cuban missile crisis new york addison wesley longman p 92 isbn 978 0 321 01349 1 allison graham and philip zelikow 1999 essence of decision explaining the cuban missile crisis new york addison wesley longman pp 94 95 isbn 978 0 321 01349 1 allison graham and philip zelikow 1999 essence of decision explaining the cuban missile crisis new york addison wesley longman p 105 isbn 978 0 321 01349 1 1 2 laurence chang peter kornbluh eds 1998 the cuban missile crisis 1962 a national security archive u s documents reader foreword by robert s mcnamara revised ed new york w w norton co isbn 978 1 56584 474 2 oclc 40952458 wingrove paul 22 october 2012 cuban missile crisis nikita khrushchev s cuban gamble misfired paul wingrove the guardian archived from the original on 5 july 2018 retrieved 18 may 2018 cuban missile crisis why were missiles there archived from the original on 19 may 2018 retrieved 18 may 2018 1 2 3 ignacio ramonet 2007 fidel castro my life penguin books isbn 978 0 14 102626 8 1 2 the soviet cuban missile crisis castro mikoyan kennedy khrushchev and the missiles of november the national security archive 10 october 2012 archived from the original on 10 november 2012 retrieved 11 october 2012 weldes jutta 1999 constructing national interests the united states and the cuban missile crisis university of minnesota press p 29 isbn 978 0 8166 3111 7 1 2 hansen james h soviet deception in the cuban missile crisis pdf learning from the past archived from the original pdf on 7 june 2010 retrieved 2 may 2010 dobbs michael 22 june 2008 cool crisis management it s a myth ask jfk the washington post archived from the original on 2 july 2017 retrieved 22 august 2017 dobbs michael 2008 one minute to midnight kennedy khrushchev and castro 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