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and 1991 1992 argued in 1999 that we escaped the cold war without a nuclear holocaust by some combination of skill luck and divine intervention and i suspect the latter in greatest proportion 100 suicide attacks edit source advocates for nuclear disarmament such as global zero have criticized nuclear deterrence theory sam nunn william perry henry kissinger and george shultz have all called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons and created the nuclear security project to advance that agenda 101 in 2010 the four were featured in a documentary film entitled nuclear tipping point where proposed steps to achieve nuclear disarmament 102 103 kissinger has argued the classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil in a world of suicide bombers that calculation doesn t operate in any comparable way 104 shultz said if you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks and people like that get a nuclear weapon they are almost by definition not deterrable 105 stronger deterrent edit source paul nitze argued in 1994 that nuclear weapons were obsolete in the new world disorder after the dissolution of the soviet union and he advocated reliance on precision guided munitions to secure a permanent military advantage over future adversaries 106 minimum deterrence edit source as opposed to the extreme mutually assured destruction form of deterrence the concept of minimum deterrence in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an adversary from attacking is presently the most common form of deterrence practiced by nuclear weapon states such as china india pakistan britain and france 107 pursuing minimal deterrence during arms negotiations between the united states and russia allows each state to make nuclear stockpile reductions without the state becoming vulnerable but it has been noted that there comes a point that further reductions may be undesirable once minimal deterrence is reached as further reductions beyond that point increase a state s vulnerability and provide an incentive for an adversary to expand its nuclear arsenal secretly 108 france has developed and maintained its own nuclear deterrent under the belief that the united states will refuse to risk its own cities by assisting western europe in a nuclear war 109 see also edit source balance of terror cold war policy of tenuous peace chainstore paradox game theory paradox confidence building measures actions taken to reduce fear of conflict decapitation strike military strategy pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets democratic peace theory international relations theory international relations study of relationships between states launch on warning nuclear strategy long peace absence of major wars following world war ii madman theory feature of u s president richard nixon s foreign policy n deterrence military doctrine of pakistan pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets nuclear blackmail military strategy nuclear ethics academic and policy relevant field on problems in the nuclear weapons and energy complex nuclear peace peace due to nuclear deterrence pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets nuclear strategy doctrines and plans for production and use of atomic weapons nuclear terrorism terrorism involving nuclear material or weapons nuclear warfare military conflict that deploys nuclear weaponry peace through strength phrase that suggests that military power can help preserve peace prisoner s dilemma standard example in game theory reagan doctrine 1980s u s strategy to counter soviet influence security dilemma unwanted escalation of interstate tensions tripwire force strategic approach in military deterrence theory wargaming strategy game that realistically simulates war pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets notes edit source definition of deterrence from the 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