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rs 12 ranks and uniforms 13 see also 14 notes 15 citations 16 bibliography 17 further reading 18 external links toggle the table of contents gestapo 92 languages afrikaans alemannisch العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català کوردی čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gàidhlig galego ગુજરાતી עברית hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული қазақша 한국어 кыргызча latina lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova lombard lietuvių latviešu malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski پنجابی português română русский scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski seeltersk svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia secret police of nazi germany not to be confused with the gestapu a military faction in indonesia law enforcement agency gestapo geheime staatspolizei gestapo headquarters at prinz albrecht straße 8 in berlin 1933 agency overview formed 26 april 1933 93 years ago 1933 04 26 preceding agency prussian secret police founded 1851 dissolved 8 may 1945 81 years ago 1945 05 08 employees 32 000 1944 est 1 jurisdictional structure legal jurisdiction germany and occupied europe general nature secret police operational structure headquarters prinz albrecht straße 8 berlin 52 30 25 n 13 22 58 e 52 50694 n 13 38278 e 52 50694 13 38278 ministers responsible hermann göring 1933 1934 minister president of prussia wilhelm frick 1936 1943 interior minister heinrich himmler chief of the german police 1936 1945 interior minister 1943 1945 agency executives rudolf diels 1933 1934 2 reinhard heydrich 1934 1939 heinrich müller 1939 1945 parent agency allgemeine ss reich security main office sicherheitspolizei the geheime staatspolizei ɡəˈhaɪmə ˈʃtaːtspoliˌtsaɪ ⓘ lit secret state police abbreviated gestapo ɡəˈstaːpo ⓘ 3 was the official secret police of nazi germany and in german occupied europe the force was created by hermann göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of prussia into one organisation on 20 april 1934 oversight of the gestapo passed to the head of the schutzstaffel ss heinrich himmler who was also appointed chief of german police by hitler in 1936 instead of being exclusively a prussian state agency the gestapo became a national one as a sub office of the sicherheitspolizei sipo security police from 27 september 1939 it was administered by the reich security main office rsha it became known as amt dept 4 of the rsha and was considered a sister organisation to the sicherheitsdienst sd security service the gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence the gestapo was used against the nazis political opponents ideological dissenters clergy and religious organisations career criminals the sinti and roma population handicapped persons homosexuals and above all jews 4 those arrested by the gestapo were often held without judicial process and political prisoners throughout germany from 1941 throughout the occupied territories under the night and fog decree german nacht und nebel simply disappeared while in gestapo custody 5 contrary to popular perception the gestapo was actually a relatively small organisation with limited surveillance capability still it proved extremely effective due to the willingness of ordinary germans to report on fellow citizens during world war ii the gestapo played a key role in the holocaust when world war ii concluded the gestapo was declared a criminal organisation by the international military tribunal imt at the nuremberg trials and several top gestapo members were sentenced to death 6 history rudolf diels first commander of the gestapo 1933 1934 after adolf hitler became chancellor of germany hermann göring future commander of the luftwaffe and the number two man in the nazi party was named interior minister of prussia 7 this gave göring command of the largest police force in germany soon afterward göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with nazis on 26 april 1933 göring merged the two units as the geheime staatspolizei which was abbreviated by a post office clerk for a franking stamp and became known as the gestapo 8 9 he originally wanted to name it the secret police office geheimes polizeiamt but the german initials gpa looked and sounded too similar to those of the soviet state political directorate gosudarstvennoye politicheskoye upravlenie or gpu 10 the first commander of the gestapo was rudolf diels a protégé of göring with the title of chief of abteilung ia department 1a of the prussian secret police 11 diels was best known as the primary interrogator of marinus van der lubbe after the reichstag fire in late 1933 the reich interior minister wilhelm frick wanted to integrate all the police forces of the german states under his control göring outflanked him by removing the prussian political and intelligence departments from the state interior ministry 12 göring took over the gestapo in 1934 and urged hitler to extend the agency s authority throughout germany this represented a radical departure from german tradition which held that law enforcement was mostly a land state and local matter in this he ran into conflict with schutzstaffel ss chief heinrich himmler who was police chief of the second most powerful german state bavaria frick did not have the political power to take on göring by himself so he allied with himmler with frick s support himmler pushed on by his right hand man reinhard heydrich took over the political police in state after state soon only prussia was left 13 heinrich himmler and hermann göring at the meeting to formally hand over control of the gestapo berlin 1934 concerned that diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of the sturmabteilung sa göring handed over control of the gestapo to himmler on 20 april 1934 14 also on that date hitler appointed himmler chief of all german police outside prussia heydrich named chief of the gestapo by himmler on 22 april 1934 also continued as head of the ss security service sicherheitsdienst sd 15 himmler and heydrich both immediately began installing their own personnel in select positions several of whom were directly from the bavarian political police such as heinrich müller franz josef huber and josef meisinger 16 many of the gestapo employees in the newly established offices were young and highly educated in a wide variety of academic fields and moreover represented a new generation of national socialist adherents who were hard working efficient and prepared to carry the nazi state forward through the persecution of their political opponents 17 by the spring of 1934 himmler s ss controlled the sd and the gestapo but for him there was still a problem as technically the ss and the gestapo by proxy was subordinated to the sa which was under the command of ernst röhm 18 himmler wanted to free himself entirely from röhm whom he viewed as an obstacle 19 röhm s position was menacing as more than 4 5 million men fell under his command once the militias and veterans organisations were absorbed by the sa 20 a fact which fuelled röhm s aspirations his dream of fusing the sa and reichswehr together was undermining hitler s relationships with the leadership of germany s armed forces 21 several nazi chieftains among them göring joseph goebbels rudolf hess and himmler began a concerted campaign to convince hitler to take action against röhm 22 both the sd and gestapo released information concerning an imminent putsch by the sa 23 once persuaded hitler acted by setting into action himmler s ss who then proceeded to murder over 100 of hitler s identified antagonists the gestapo supplied the information which implicated the sa and ultimately enabled himmler and heydrich to emancipate themselves entirely from the organisation 24 for the gestapo the next two years following the night of the long knives a term describing the putsch against röhm and the sa were characterised by behind the scenes political wrangling over policing 25 1938 gestapo border inspection stamp applied when leaving germany on 17 june 1936 hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in germany and named himmler as chief of german police 26 this action effectively merged the police into the ss and removed it from frick s control himmler was nominally subordinate to frick as police chief but as reichsführer ss he answered only to hitler this move also gave himmler operational control over germany s entire detective force 27 the gestapo became a national state agency himmler also gained authority over all of germany s uniformed law enforcement agencies which were amalgamated into the new ordnungspolizei orpo order police which became a national agency under ss general kurt daluege 26 shortly thereafter himmler created the kriminalpolizei kripo criminal police merging it with the gestapo into the sicherheitspolizei sipo security police under heydrich s command 28 heinrich müller was at that time the gestapo operations chief 29 he answered to heydrich heydrich answered only to himmler and himmler answered only to hitler 26 the gestapo had the authority to investigate cases of treason espionage sabotage and criminal attacks on the nazi party and germany the basic gestapo law passed by the government in 1936 gave the gestapo carte blanche to operate without judicial review in effect putting it above the law 30 the gestapo was specifically exempted from responsibility to administrative courts where citizens normally could sue the state to conform to laws as early as 1935 a prussian administrative court had ruled that the gestapo s actions were not subject to judicial review the ss officer werner best one time head of legal affairs in the gestapo 31 summed up this policy by saying as long as the police carries out the will of the leadership it is acting legally 32 on 27 september 1939 the security and police agencies of nazi germany with the exception of the order police were consolidated into the reich security main office rsha headed by heydrich 33 the gestapo became amt iv department iv of rsha and müller became the gestapo chief with heydrich as his immediate superior 34 after heydrich s 1942 assassination himmler assumed the leadership of the rsha until january 1943 when ernst kaltenbrunner was appointed chief 35 müller remained the gestapo chief his direct subordinate adolf eichmann headed the gestapo s office of resettlement and then its office of jewish affairs referat iv b4 or sub department iv section b4 36 during the holocaust eichmann s department within the gestapo coordinated the mass deportation of european jews to the nazis extermination camps the power of the gestapo included the use of what was called schutzhaft protective custody a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings 37 an oddity of the system was that the prisoner had to sign his own schutzhaftbefehl an order declaring that the person had requested imprisonment presumably out of fear of personal harm in addition political prisoners throughout germany and from 1941 throughout the occupied territories under the night and fog decree german nacht und nebel simply disappeared while in gestapo custody 5 up to 30 april 1944 at least 6 639 persons were arrested under nacht und nebel orders 38 however the total number of people who disappeared as a result of this decree is not known 39 counterintelligence the polish government in exile in london during world war ii received sensitive military information about nazi germany from agents and informants throughout europe after germany conquered poland in the autumn of 1939 gestapo officials believed that they had neutralised polish intelligence activities however certain polish information about the movement of german police and ss units to the east during 1941 german invasion of the soviet union was similar to information british intelligence secretly obtained through intercepting and decoding german police and ss messages sent by radio telegraphy 40 in 1942 the gestapo discovered a cache of polish intelligence documents in prague and were surprised to see that polish agents and informants had been gathering detailed military information and smuggling it out to london via budapest and istanbul the poles identified and tracked german military trains to the eastern front and identified four order police battalions sent to occupied areas of the soviet union in october 1941 that engaged in war crimes and mass murder 41 polish agents also gathered detailed information about the morale of german soldiers in the east after uncovering a sample of the information the poles had reported gestapo officials concluded that polish intelligence activity represented a very serious danger to germany as late as 6 june 1944 heinrich müller concerned about the leakage of information to the allies set up a special unit called sonderkommando jerzy that was meant to root out the polish intelligence network in western and southwestern europe 42 in austria there were groups still loyal to the habsburgs who unlike most across the greater german reich remained determined to resist the nazis these groups became a special focus of the gestapo because of their insurrectionist goals the overthrow of the nazi regime the re establishment of an independent austria under habsburg leadership and hitler s hatred of the habsburg family hitler vehemently rejected the centuries old habsburg pluralist principles of live and let live with regard to ethnic groups peoples minorities religions cultures and languages 43 habsburg loyalist karl burian s who was later executed plan to blow up the gestapo headquarters in vienna represented a unique attempt to act aggressively against the gestapo burian s group had also set up a secret courier service to otto von habsburg in belgium individuals in austrian resistance groups led by heinrich maier also managed to pass along the plans and the location of production facilities for v 1 v 2 rockets tiger tanks and aircraft messerschmitt bf 109 messerschmitt me 163 komet etc to the allies 44 the maier group informed very early about the mass murder of jews the resistance group later discovered b...
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