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te create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 early history 1 2 seljuk period 1 3 later changes and additions 2 present day 3 see also 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents jameh mosque of isfahan 49 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca български বাংলা català deutsch ελληνικά español euskara فارسی suomi français hausa עברית hrvatski հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 lëtzebuergesch lietuvių मैथिली македонски кырык мары malti مازِرونی नेपाली nederlands polski پنجابی português română русский ikinyarwanda سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 32 40 11 n 51 41 7 e 32 66972 n 51 68528 e 32 66972 51 68528 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia mosque in iran for similarly named mosques see list of grand mosques jameh mosque of isfahan the mosque courtyard and iwans in 2018 location of the mosque in iran religion affiliation shia islam ecclesiastical or organisational status friday mosque status active location location isfahan isfahan province country iran coordinates 32 40 11 n 51 41 7 e 32 66972 n 51 68528 e 32 66972 51 68528 architecture style iranian islamic completed c 771 ce 1st structure c 841 2nd structure 11th century domes added 12th century iwans added 14th 17th centuries minor additions minaret two website isfahanjamehmosque com unesco world heritage site official name masjed e jāmé of isfahan criteria cultural ii designated 2012 reference no 1397 area 2 0756 ha 5 129 acres buffer zone 18 6351 ha 46 048 acres the jāmeh mosque of isfahān or jāme mosque of isfahān persian مسجد جامع اصفهان masjid e jāmeh isfahān also known as the atiq mosque مسجد عتیق and the friday mosque of isfahān مسجد جمعه is a historic congregational mosque jāmeh located in isfahan iran the mosque is the result of continual construction reconstruction additions and renovations on the site from c 771 ce to the end of the 20th century the grand bazaar of isfahan can be found towards the southwest wing of the mosque it has been a unesco world heritage site since 2012 1 it is one of the largest and most important monuments of islamic architecture in iran 2 history edit early history edit example of hypostyle hall in the mosque today the first mosque on this site was built circa 771 during the reign of the abbasid caliph al mansur 2 this first building was relatively small measuring approximately 52 by 90 metres 171 by 295 ft 2 it was built in mud brick and had stucco decoration in the syro mesopotamian style of abbasid architecture 2 its remains were excavated in the 1970s during studies of the present day mosque 3 the excavations revealed that the original mosque was built over earlier structures dating from the sasanian period or at latest from the early islamic period 4 which were part of the ancient town of yahūdiyya or yahudiye that is mentioned in historical sources 5 4 the mosque was then replaced by a larger one in 840 841 during the reign of al mu tasim 2 3 this new building measured approximately 88 by 128 metres 289 by 420 ft and had a different qibla orientation than the first one 2 it had a large central courtyard surrounded by an arcade and hypostyle hall of baked brick pillars supporting either a flat roof 2 or a roof of brick vaults 3 the hypostyle hall was two bays deep along the sides four bays deep on the side opposite the qibla the northwest and six bays deep on the qibla side where the main prayer hall was the aisle leading the mosque s mihrab was slightly wider than the other aisles 3 there is no indication that the new mosque had a minaret despite the existence of this feature in other mosques of the period 3 although muqaddasi described the presence of a tall minaret in a central mosque of isfahan before 985 6 46 under the control of the buyid dynasty 10th 11th centuries another arcade of polylobed brick piers was added around the courtyard in front of the existing courtyard façades instead of the earlier stucco decoration the new additions were decorated with patterns created with bricks laid in circles diamond shapes zigzags and other geometric patterns similar to the brickwork found in other monuments from the buyid period 3 2 the exact date of this renovation is uncertain 3 and is estimated by some to be c 975 ce or the late 10th century 7 2 oleg grabar estimated the date as being between 985 and 1040 based on descriptions of the mosque in historical sources 6 47 two minarets were also added at the entrance of the mosque near the dyers market they stood on either side of the entrance and were each built on top of a pedestal or base structure this is the first recorded instance of the double minaret arrangement which later became common in iran and beyond 6 47 8 seljuk period edit southern dome in front of the mihrab built in 1086 87 under patronage of nizam al mulk the next great modifications of the mosque took place under the patronage of the seljuks isfahan became the first capital of the seljuk empire after its conquest in 1050 2 the seljuks modified the relatively uniform and egalitarian form of the hypostyle building first by replacing the columns in front of the mihrab on the south side of the mosque with a large domed space in 1086 87 9 2 this was done under the patronage of nizam al mulk the famous vizier of malik shah 9 the new dome was the largest masonry dome in the islamic world at the time 10 6 49 it has eight ribs and is supported on massive piers 10 9 it also introduced a new type of squinch consisting of a barrel vault placed above two quarter domes which was copied in other mosques shortly afterward 10 this was an early appearance of the muqarnas technique a three dimensional geometrical composition of niches which had been developing around this period 6 53 54 the domed space may have been intended to act as a maqsura an area reserved for the sultan and his entourage during prayers 9 north dome built in 1088 89 under patronage of taj al mulk in 1088 89 another dome was constructed on the north side of the mosque by nizam al mulk s rival taj al mulk 9 10 the function of this domed chamber is uncertain although it was situated along the north south axis it was located outside the boundaries of the mosque 10 9 the dome is considered a masterpiece of medieval iranian architecture 9 10 unlike the simpler eight ribbed dome of nizam al mulk the north dome has interlacing ribs that form pentagons and five pointed star patterns across the dome a significant technical and aesthetic advancement 10 the lower walls of the chamber have a lighter and more elegant appearance while the various elements of the wall and dome are also better aligned vertically leading one s gaze upward 9 10 muqarnas squinches are again used for the transition of the dome to the square chamber 6 53 54 the next major transformation stage took place by the early 12th century probably after the mosque was damaged by fire in 1121 22 9 the historical context and exact chronology of this transformation are not well understood 6 55 58 at the latest it was probably accomplished before 1230 when the mongol invasions would have halted any major construction activity 6 57 to enhance the approach to the domed chamber of the mihrab which stood in isolation amidst the older hypostyle hall the columned space between the dome and the courtyard was replaced by a large iwan a vaulted hall open to one side this large barrel vaulted hall is open to the courtyard on one side and leads to the domed hall through a doorway on the other side to complement it the builders created three more monumental iwans in the middle of each other side of the courtyard 9 the northern iwan may have been the last of these to be built 6 56 these transformations resulted in giving the mosque its current four iwan form a type of layout which subsequently became prevalent in iran and other parts of the islamic world 9 the southern iwan of the courtyard leading to the mihrab was distinguished from the other iwans by being larger and by being embellished with large tiers of muqarnas 9 different muqarnas compositions were also added to the other iwans at one time or another with the result that the iwans even if built around the same time look different from each other now 6 65 66 in addition to the addition of four iwans the remaining bays of the old hypostyle halls were renovated with cross ribbed vaults there are around 200 of these smaller vaults and they all have different designs and display a rich variety of geometric decoration 9 10 some of this work was probably done in the late 11th or early 12th centuries but the chronology of construction here is unclear and many vaults likely date from different periods of repair and renovation 9 2 11 it s uncertain if the earlier minarets of the mosque were preserved until this time but no historical texts refer to them after the mid 11th century 6 53 south iwan of the courtyard leading to the mihrab chamber detail and muqarnas vaulting in the southern iwan west iwan of the courtyard east iwan of the courtyard north iwan of the courtyard interior and detail of the northern iwan example of the variety of smaller domes in the hypostyle prayer hall later changes and additions edit mo araq tilework created by the aq qoyunlu ruler uzun hasan circa 1475 76 at the south iwan of the courtyard after this the later changes to the mosque were more limited nonetheless nearly every period saw some work done on the mosque reflecting the changing needs of the community and the changing tastes of new rulers 2 9 under the ilkhanid sultan uljaytu r 1304 1317 the arcade around the sides of the courtyard was vertically divided into two levels as it appears today 2 uljaytu also created another rectangular prayer hall or winter hall adjoining the north side of the western iwan of the mosque this hall is covered by a series of remarkable transverse vaults while its southern wall features an elaborately carved stucco mihrab dated to 1310 9 2 the mihrab is one of the finest works of iranian or islamic sculptural art from this period it was crafted by haydar a highly respected calligrapher of the time who included his signature in the work 12 10 11 under the muzaffarids a madrasa known as the muzaffarid madrasa was added on the east side of the mosque and another prayer hall on the west both beyond the former outer wall of the mosque 2 13 this work was done possibly by qutb al din shah mahmud the governor of isfahan r 1358 1375 who disputed the throne with his brother shah shuja 2 14 in the 15th century changes were limited to various repairs the vaulted ceiling of uljaytu s prayer hall was reconstructed and many of the smaller vaults and domes of the hypostyle hall may date from this time 2 a new prayer hall was added on the southeast corner the façades of the courtyard wee also progressively decorated with tilework in particular the rich tilework covering the façade of the southern iwan today was originally added under the patronage of the aq qoyunlu ruler uzun hasan in 1475 6 2 most safavid rulers did work on the mosque except for shah abbas i who was more preoccupied with his new constructions around the naqsh e jahan square 2 the current minarets of the mosque which stand on either side of the southern iwan were erected in the 17th century 6 53 during the safavid era some parts of the prayer halls were also enlarged and new tile revetment were added to the iwans and minarets 2 the muzaffarid prayer hall on the west side was replaced with a larger winter prayer hall during this time distinguished by its wide low arches 2 13 further repairs and restorations were carried out under the later afsharid and qajar dynasties and up to modern times 2 ilkhanid prayer hall early 14th century the stucco mihrab of uljaytu 1310 in the ilkhanid prayer hall details of the mihrab tranverse vault ceiling in the ilkhanid prayer hall mihrab and prayer space of the muzaffarid madrasa 14th century part of the tile decoration in the southern iwan added by uzun hasan in 1475 6 winter prayer hall built by the safavids replacing an earlier muzaffarid hall detail of minaret and tile decoration from safavid period present day edit the mosque today is an amalgamation of different styles and periods coalesced into one building the details of which cannot always be easily dated 15 its perimeter is now thoroughly enmeshed with the surrounding structures of the bazaar and the old city such that it presents very few clear exterior façades 13 one of the entrances to the mosque today on the west side model of the mosque today showing its various elements from above see also edit shia islam portal iran portal architecture portal shia islam in iran list of mosques in iran persian domes references edit properties inscribed on the world heritage list iran unesco world heritage centre retrieved 27 june 2018 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 bloom jonathan m blair sheila s eds 2009 isfahan the grove encyclopedia of islamic art and architecture oxford university press isbn 9780195309911 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 blair sheila bloom jonathan 2011 iraq iran and egypt the abbasids in hattstein markus delius peter eds islam art and architecture h f ullmann pp 109 110 isbn 9783848003808 1 2 saiedi anaraki fariba genito bruno 2009 from the excavation to the archive adamji a rchaeoligical d igital a rchive m asjed i j om e at i sfahan a joint iranian italian project newsletter archeologia cisa 0 102 107 genito bruno 2014 bringing the past into the present looking forward to the future of the scientific heritage of the italian projects in sistan and masjed e jom e of isfahan iran pdf in genito bruno ed digital archaeology from the iranian plateau 1962 1977 collected papers on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the demise of umberto scerrato napoli università degli studi di napoli and l orientale pp 31 32 isbn 978 88 6719 107 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 grabar oleg 1990 the great mosque of isfahan new york university press isbn 0814730272 bloom jonathan m blair sheila s eds 2009 architecture the grove encyclopedia of islamic art and architecture oxford university press isbn 9780195309911 bloom jonathan m 2019 minaret in fleet kate krämer gudrun matringe denis nawas john rowson everett eds encyclopaedia of islam three brill issn 1873 9830 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 blair sheila bloom jonathan 2011 the friday mosque at isfahan in hattstein ...
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