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r use if the us had invaded cuba most of them short range the us had approximately 4 375 nuclear weapons deployed in europe most of which were tactical weapons such as nuclear artillery with around 450 of them for ballistic missiles cruise missiles and aircraft the soviets had more than 550 similar weapons in europe 194 195 united states sac icbm 182 at peak alert 121 atlas d e f 53 titan 1 8 minuteman 1a bombers 1 595 880 b 47 639 b 52 76 b 58 1 479 bombers and 1 003 refuelling tankers available at peak alert atlantic command 112 ugm 27 polaris in seven ssbns 16 each five submarines with polaris a1 and two with a2 pacific command 4 8 regulus cruise missiles 16 mace cruise missiles three aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs european command irbm 45 jupiter 30 italy 15 turkey 48 90 mace cruise missiles two us sixth fleet aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs soviet union strategic for use against north america icbm 42 four ss 6 r 7a at plesetsk with two in reserve at baikonur 36 ss 7 r 16 with 26 in silos and ten on open launch pads bombers 160 readiness unknown 100 tu 95 bear 60 3m bison b regional mostly targeting europe and others targeting us bases in east asia mrbm 528 ss 4 r 12 492 at soft launch sites and 36 at hard launch sites approximately six to eight r 12s were operational in cuba capable of striking the us mainland at any moment until the crisis was resolved irbm 28 ss 5 r 14 unknown number of tu 16 badger tu 22 blinder and mig 21 aircraft tasked with nuclear strike missions united kingdom bomber command 196 bombers 120 vulcan b 1 b 1a b 2 victor b 1 b 1a b2 valiant b 1 irbm 59 thor missiles operated by the raf with warheads under us supervision aftermath the nuclear armed jupiter intermediate range ballistic missile the us secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from italy and turkey cuban leadership decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by kennedy and khrushchev and cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the soviets castro was especially upset that certain questions of interest to cuba such as the status of the us naval base in guantánamo were not addressed and cuban soviet relations deteriorated 45 278 historian arthur schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn castro was more angry with khrushchev than with kennedy because khrushchev had not consulted him before making the decision note 2 although castro was infuriated by khrushchev he had still planned to strike the us with the remaining missiles if cuba was invaded 45 311 a few weeks after the crisis during an interview with british communist newspaper the daily worker guevara was still fuming over the perceived soviet betrayal and told correspondent sam russell that if the missiles had been under cuban control they would have been launched 197 guevara said later that the cause of socialist liberation from global imperialist aggression would have been worth the possibility of millions of atomic war victims 198 the missile crisis further convinced guevara that the world s two superpowers the united states and the soviet union were using cuba as a pawn in their global strategies and after this he denounced the soviets almost as frequently as he denounced the americans 199 romanian leadership during the crisis gheorghe gheorghiu dej general secretary of romania s communist party sent a letter to president kennedy dissociating romania from soviet actions this convinced the american administration of bucharest s intentions of detaching itself from moscow 200 soviet leadership the realisation that the world had come close to thermonuclear war caused khrushchev to propose a far reaching easing of tensions with the us 201 in a letter to president kennedy dated 30 october 1962 khrushchev suggested initiatives that were intended to prevent the possibility of another nuclear crisis these included a non aggression treaty between the north atlantic treaty organization nato and the warsaw pact or even disbanding these military blocs a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and possibly eliminate all nuclear weapons resolution of the difficult question of germany by both sides accepting the existence of west germany and east germany and us recognition of the government of mainland china the letter invited counter proposals and further exploration of these and other questions through peaceful negotiations khrushchev invited norman cousins the editor of a major us periodical and an anti nuclear weapons activist to serve as liaison with kennedy cousins met with khrushchev for four hours in december 1962 202 kennedy s response to khrushchev s proposals was lukewarm but he told cousins that he felt obliged to consider them because he was under pressure from hardliners in the us national security apparatus the united states and the soviet union subsequently agreed to a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons known as the partial nuclear test ban treaty 203 the us and the ussr also created a communications link the moscow washington hotline to enable the leaders of the two cold war countries to speak directly to each other in any future crisis these compromises embarrassed khrushchev and the soviet union because the withdrawal of us missiles from italy and turkey had remained a secret deal between kennedy and khrushchev khrushchev went to kennedy because he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand but the soviets were seen to be retreating from circumstances that they had started khrushchev s fall from power two years later was partly because of the soviet politburo s embarrassment at his eventual concessions to the us and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place according to dobrynin the top soviet leadership took the cuban outcome as a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation 5 us leadership the worldwide defcon 3 status of us forces was returned to defcon 4 on 20 november 1962 general curtis lemay told kennedy that the resolution of the crisis was the greatest defeat in our history 84 lemay had pressed for an immediate invasion of cuba as soon as the crisis began and he still favored invading cuba even after the soviets had withdrawn their missiles 204 twenty five years later lemay still believed that we could have gotten not only the missiles out of cuba we could have gotten the communists out of cuba at that time 126 by 1962 president kennedy had faced four crisis situations the failure of the bay of pigs invasion 205 settlement negotiations between the pro western government of laos and the pathet lao communist movement kennedy sidestepped laos whose rugged terrain was no battleground for american soldiers 206 265 the construction of the berlin wall and the cuban missile crisis kennedy believed that another failure to gain control and stop communist expansion would irreparably damage us credibility he was determined to draw a line in the sand and prevent a communist victory in vietnam he told james reston of the new york times immediately after his vienna summit meeting with khrushchev now we have a problem making our power credible and vietnam looks like the place 207 208 at least four contingency strikes were armed and launched from florida against cuban airfields and suspected missile sites in 1963 and 1964 although all were diverted to the pinecastle range complex after the planes had passed andros island 209 critics including seymour melman 210 and seymour hersh 211 suggested that the cuban missile crisis had encouraged the united states to use military means as in the later vietnam war similarly lorraine bayard de volo suggested that the masculine brinksmanship of the cuban missile crisis had become a touchstone of toughness by which presidents are measured 212 actions in 1962 had a significant influence on the policy decisions of future occupants of the white house and led to foreign policy decisions such as president lyndon b johnson s escalation of the war in vietnam three years later 213 chinese leadership the peaceful settlement between the soviet union and the united states over the missile crisis infuriated beijing maoist china subsequently condemned khrushchev s cowardly capitulationism to the americans and moscow s sellout of the cuban people khrushchev in response blasted the chinese for aggression in the sino indian dispute and china s opportunist stand during the cuban missile crisis 214 the holy see in april 1963 pope john xxiii published pacem in terris as a response to the crisis being the first encyclical addressed to all men of good will rather than only to catholics it discussed the rights and obligations of people and their states and endorsed nuclear nonproliferation 215 216 according to the periodical the catholic world report two years later it was the subject of a conference at the united nations attended by over 2 000 statespersons and scholars 216 human casualties the body of u 2 pilot anderson was returned to the us and was buried with full military honours in south carolina he was the first recipient of the newly created air force cross which was awarded posthumously although anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis 11 crew members of three reconnaissance boeing rb 47 stratojets of the 55th strategic reconnaissance wing were also killed in crashes during the period between 27 september and 11 november 1962 217 seven crew died when a military air transport service boeing c 135b stratolifter delivering ammunition to guantanamo bay naval base stalled and crashed on landing approach on 23 october 218 later revelations submarine close call what may have been the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the cuban missile crisis havana conference in october 2002 which marked its 40th anniversary the three day conference was sponsored by the private national security archive brown university and the cuban government 219 and attended by many of the veterans of the crisis they learned that on 27 october 1962 a group of eleven united states navy destroyers and the aircraft carrier uss randolph had located a diesel powered nuclear armed soviet project 641 nato designation foxtrot submarine the b 59 near cuba despite being in international waters the americans started dropping practice depth charges to attempt to force the submarine to surface there had been no contact from moscow for a number of days and the submarine was running too deep to monitor radio traffic so those on board did not know whether war had broken out the captain of the submarine valentin savitsky had no way of knowing that the depth charges were non lethal practice rounds intended as warning shots to force him to surface running out of air the soviet submarine was surrounded by american warships and desperately needed to surface while surfacing the b 59 came under machine gun fire from u s asw s 2 tracker aircraft note 3 the fire rounds landed either to the sides of the submarine s hull or near the bow all these provocative actions carried out by surface ships in immediate proximity and asw aircraft flying some 10 to 15 meters above the boat had a detrimental impact on the commander prompting him to take extreme measures the use of special weapons 220 as firing live ammunition at a submarine was strictly prohibited captain savitsky assumed that his submarine was doomed and that world war iii had started the americans for their part did not know that the b 59 was armed with a 15 kiloton nuclear torpedo of roughly the power of the bomb at hiroshima 221 222 better source needed the uss beale was joined by other us destroyers who pummelled the submerged b 59 with more explosives savitsky ordered the nuclear torpedo to be prepared for firing its target was to be the uss randolph the aircraft carrier leading the task force an argument broke out in the sweltering control room of the b 59 submarine among three senior officers b 59 captain savitsky political officer ivan semyonovich maslennikov and deputy brigade commander captain 2nd rank us navy commander rank equivalent vasily arkhipov accounts differ about whether arkhipov convinced savitsky not to make the attack or whether savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface 223 the decision to launch the nuclear torpedo required the consent of all three senior officers and of the three arkhipov alone refused to give his consent arkhipov s reputation was a key factor in the control room debate the previous year he had exposed himself to severe radiation in order to save a submarine with an overheating nuclear reactor 222 better source needed during the conference october 2002 mcnamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought thomas blanton director of the national security archive said a guy called vasily arkhipov saved the world 219 possibility of nuclear launch in early 1992 it was confirmed that soviet forces in cuba had already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and il 28 bombers when the crisis broke 224 castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the us had invaded even if cuba was destroyed 224 fifty years after the crisis graham allison wrote fifty years ago the cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster during the standoff us president john f kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was between 1 in 3 and even and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds we now know for example that in addition to nuclear armed ballistic missiles the soviet union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to cuba and the local soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from moscow the us air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against american ships and troops and perhaps even miami the resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million americans and over 100 million russians 225 226 bbc journalist joe matthews published the story on 13 october 2012 after news of the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by graham allison in the excerpt above 227 khrushchev feared that castro s hurt pride and widespread cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the soviet union and the united states to prevent this khrushchev decided to offer to give cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped there with the long range missiles but crucially had escaped the notice of us intelligence khrushchev determined that because the americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands keeping them in cuba would be in the soviet union s interests 227 anastas mikoyan had the task of negot...
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