Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, law, of, trade, references, rights, consumer, policy, security, the, european, union, contents, history, constitutional, administrative, free, movement, social, market, regulations, public, regulation, see, also, notes, sources, external, links, treaties, executive, institutions, legislature, judiciary, conflict, laws, direct, effect, remedies, judicial, review, human, principles, goods, workers, citizens, establishment, services, capital, protection, labour, companies, investment, competition, commerce, intellectual, property, education, health, banking, monetary, fiscal, electricity, energy, agriculture, forestry, water, transport, buildings, communications, data, media, markets, products, foreign, justice,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (2279), and (1292), for (444), law (443), that (407), european (385), directive (306), not (281), court (271), was (243), member (240), art (217), #rights (205), commission (193), justice (190), states (182), are (177), article (176), this (175), union (173), with (166), from (164), case (161), have (158), see (143), state (139), arts (136), regulation (132), tfeu (125), has (121), which (118), but (115), its (111), there (107), held (101), right (94), treaty (88), under (84), all (81), also (81), other (80), social (80), general (76), their (76), company (76), public (75), council (75), free (73), energy (72), had (72), could (72), policy (69), services (69), can (69), ecr (69), were (66), economic (65), market (65), legal (64), health (64), 2000 (64), articles (63), they (63), human (62), parliament (62), more (60), any (60), would (57), standards (57), requires (56), where (55), international (54), government (54), must (54), national (53), trade (53), such (52), act (51), rules (51), 2007 (50), people (50), because (50), teu (50), movement (50), main (50), should (49), may (48), 2013 (48), only (48), treaties (47), protection (47), europe (46), 2001 (46), principles (45), 2004 (45), 2011 (45), 2009 (44), service (44), edit (44), labour (43), however (43), 2015 (42), common (42), than (42), information (41), 2003 (41), effect (41), german (40), capital (40), workers (40), 2022 (39), citizens (39), central (39), consumer (39), direct (39), while (39), freedom (38), without (38), first (37), directives (36), laws (36), community (36), competition (36), 2010 (36), 2006 (36), who (36), between (36), after (36), charter (35), 2012 (35), system (35), minimum (35), echr (35), 2019 (35), germany (35), most (35), education (34), security (34), transport (34), bank (34), against (34), although (34), over (34), constitutional (33), financial (33), data (33), 2002 (33), principle (33), van (33), time (33), work (33), consumers (33), use (32), sources (32), 2014 (32), yet (32), require (32), been (32), united (31), new (31), 2008 (31), 2005 (31), employment (31), through (31), regulations (30), institutions (30), media (30), judicial (30), into (30), 1966 (30), each (30), gas (30), does (30), companies (30), fundamental (29), monetary (29), legislation (29), tax (29), cases (29), set (29), these (29), within (29), dutch (28), power (28), required (28), courts (28), french (27), higher (27), per (27), legislative (27), procedure (27), review (27), ltd (27), vote (27), based (27), business (27), ensure (27), investment (26), made (26), requirements (26), cfreu (26), france (26), further (26), even (26), 2016 (25), political (25), 1948 (25), unfair (25), products (25), majority (25), agreement (24), development (24), markets (24), property (24), water (24), emissions (24), access (24), one (24), plc (24), out (24), two (24), non (23), agricultural (23), banks (23), private (23), renewable (23), 2018 (23), internet (23), price (23), pay (23), did (23), example (23), contrast (23), years (23), parties (22), opinion (22), commercial (22), working (22), decision (22), being (22), individual (22), take (22), countries (22), when (22), different (21), university (21), 2020 (21), 1994 (21), since (21), basic (21), will (21), some (21), netherlands (21), though (21), generally (21), italy (21), google (21), meant (21), environment (20), insurance (20), stability (20), civil (20), society (20), product (20), treatment (20), practices (20), production (20), equality (20), discrimination (20), enterprise (20), like (20), including (20), 1997 (20), interest (20), same (20), them (20), third (20), give (20), particularly (20), terms (19), contract (19), statute (19), electronic (19), oxford (19), udhr (19), governance (19), ireland (19), those (19), means (19), his (19), prices (19), part (19), justified (19), three (19), governments (19), need (18), british (18), convention (18), area (18), foreign (18), president (18), before (18), eec (18), 1991 (18), craig (18), make (18), measures (18), prevent (18), full (18), requirement (18), entitled (18), fair (18), view (17), code (17), safety (17), budget (17), 1986 (17), corporate (17), equal (17), búrca (17), democracy (17), 1950 (17), gmbh (17), given (17), land (17), protect (17), establishment (17), 1999 (17), high (17), claimed (17), allowed (17), wikipedia (16), 2021 (16), spain (16), authority (16), acts (16), constitution (16), environmental (16), single (16), euro (16), 1995 (16), 1993 (16), rule (16), eur (16), lex (16), million (16), shall (16), necessary (16), way (16), says (16), annex (16), conditions (16), year (16), 1989 (16), requiring (16), functioning (16), belgium (16), elected (16), 1996 (16), position (16), aim (16), claim (16), then (16), both (16), goods (16), italian (15), executive (15), history (15), framework (15), policies (15), fund (15), 1985 (15), coal (15), party (15), home (15), internal (15), kingdom (15), action (15), basis (15), directly (15), icescr (15), duty (15), least (15), climate (15), judges (15), world (15), 1961 (15), belgian (15), 1974 (15), worker (15), contracts (15), voting (15), denmark (15), provisions (15), owned (15), second (15), according (15), among (15), administrative (14), banking (14), democratic (14), communications (14), content (14), every (14), leave (14), own (14), important (14), clear (14), commerce (14), living (14), final (14), found (14), 1992 (14), become (14), costs (14), cannot (14), crisis (14), care (14), austria (14), include (14), restrictions (14), undertakings (14), provision (14), needed (14), employees (14), effective (14), citizen (14), claims (14), itself (14), limited (14), corporations (14), clean (14), applies (14), about (13), available (13), profit (13), republic (13), agreements (13), having (13), person (13), economy (13), group (13), practice (13), systems (13), order (13), liability (13), electricity (13), performance (13), rome (13), isbn (13), board (13), unless (13), rejected (13), paid (13), food (13), oil (13), 1979 (13), bargaining (13), money (13), rather (13), developed (13), fiscal (13), allow (13), whether (13), duties (13), risk (13), applied (13), often (13), still (13), body (13), issues (12), subject (12), mechanism (12), citizenship (12), criminal (12), elections (12), 1990 (12), 1998 (12), 1972 (12), waste (12), buildings (12), life (12), four (12), members (12), press (12), report (12), everyone (12), bring (12), limits (12), payments (12), damage (12), investors (12), supply (12), improvement (12), powers (12), share (12), dominant (12), collective (12), securities (12), employee (12), refer (12), 1988 (12), activity (12), regarded (12), another (12), well (12), breach (12), said (12), decisions (12), called (12), create (12), manufacturers (12), authorities (12), ecb (12), text (11), apply (11), committee (11), vehicle (11), journal (11), copyright (11), staff (11), bodies (11), patent (11), supreme (11), fact (11), gend (11), loos (11), universal (11), preliminary (11), lisbon (11), december (11), 2017 (11), iccpr (11), sets (11), quality (11), management (11), change (11), equally (11), post (11), shares (11), many (11), long (11), outside (11), minister (11), created (11), less (11), failed (11), implement (11), far (11), accession (11), adopted (11), votes (11), fossil (11), around (11), usually (11), imports (11), debt (11), privacy (10), using (10), control (10), objective (10), association (10), process (10), eurozone (10), integration (10), commissioners (10), level (10), protected (10), obligations (10), microsoft (10), trading (10), vehicles (10), good (10), proposed (10), doi (10), europa (10), july (10), persons (10), days (10), billion (10), changes (10), specific (10), disproportionate (10), 147 (10), 101 (10), compensation (10), agriculture (10), now (10), conflicts (10), spa (10), proportionate (10), corporation (10), beyond (10), argued (10), 263 (10), 294 (10), 1963 (10), race (10), unlawful (10), number (10), portugal (10), fined (10), abuse (10), instance (10), receive (10), ownership (10), provide (10), benefits (10), greenhouse (10), comply (10), limit (10), increasingly (10), questions (10), binding (10), cent (10), actions (10), conduct (9), september (9), references (9), ordinary (9), value (9), customs (9), defence (9), list (9), wage (9), country (9), damages (9), structure (9), intellectual (9), office (9), others (9), costa (9), move (9), consultation (9), maastricht (9), existing (9), 978 (9), five (9), brexit (9), our (9), upon (9), able (9), facebook (9), der (9), various (9), holding (9), regulatory (9), passenger (9), com (9), subsidies (9), competence (9), following (9), plan (9), communication (9), proposals (9), 282 (9), interpreted (9), led (9), support (9), progress (9), retirement (9), voice (9), 288 (9), 112 (9), shareholder (9), scope (9), merely (9), might (9), interpret (9), reference (9), luxembourg (9), aid (9), exist (9), thought (9), providers (9), operating (9), rail (9), failure (9), therefore (9), selling (9), similarly (9), follow (9), concern (9), ministers (9), search (8), october (8), june (8), status (8), healthcare (8), cooperation (8), currency (8), military (8), independent (8), secretary (8), judiciary (8), 1973 (8), women (8), election (8), interpretation (8), theory (8), measure (8), making (8), war (8), family (8), anti (8), fraud (8), corp (8), term (8), ruling (8), consent (8), merger (8), edn (8), cambridge (8), barnard (8), greater (8), resources (8), age (8), she (8), personal (8), uksc (8), provided (8), enough (8), respect (8), competitive (8), adequate (8), road (8), emission (8), s2cid (8), what (8), 1964 (8), serious (8), neutral (8), choice (8), gdp (8), large (8), 106 (8), occupational (8), 1976 (8), involvement (8), codified (8), weeks (8), week (8), concept (8), possible (8), 415 (8), rwe (8), primary (8), paris (8), applicable (8), appeal (8), nationals (8), wages (8), her (8), reasoned (8), 267 (8), wide (8), seek (8), pre (8), referendum (8), promote (8), sweden (8), establishing (8), toxic (8), commissioner (8), networks (8), enterprises (8), open (8), advertising (8), 2030 (8), affected (8), hours (8), firms (8), just (8), farm (8), reduce (8), qualified (8), creating (8), barriers (8), fourth (8), standing (8), residence (8), toggle (7), mobile (7), 2025 (7), statements (7), language (7), potentially (7), english (7), czech (7), man (7), global (7), resolution (7), groups (7), special (7), largest (7), external (7), steel (7), tribunal (7), industry (7), school (7), enforcement (7), remedy (7), economics (7), construction (7), evidence (7), deutsches (7), amsterdam (7), restriction (7), pollution (7), end (7), fuels (7), 261 (7), digital (7), primacy (7), maximum (7), 100 (7), fines (7), audiovisual (7), worked (7), radio (7), cjeu (7), assistance (7), line (7), volkswagen (7), ban (7), target (7), simply (7), cap (7), draft (7), prejudice (7), gross (7), lawful (7), despite (7), guarantee (7), goals (7), london (7), mainly (7), appropriate (7), airways (7), themselves (7), account (7), self (7), centros (7), insolvency (7), 1970 (7), used (7), 102 (7), too (7), 157 (7), hungary (7), marshall (7), 281 (7), established (7), contrary (7), des (7), horizontal (7), men (7), kadi (7), belastingen (7), highly (7), greece (7), nations (7), children (7), approach (7), operate (7), someone (7), purpose (7), sought (7), liable (7), count (7), today (7), enable (7), until (7), compared (7), instead (7), remains (7), bound (7), creates (7), months (7), limiting (7), especially (7), participation (7), during (7), agreed (7), registered (6), organization (6), inc (6), page (6), categories (6), containing (6), written (6), march (6), short (6), 1958 (6), block (6), peace (6), strategy (6), structural (6), funds (6), network (6), speed (6), official (6), centre (6), 1984 (6), 1981 (6), communities (6), 1957 (6), agency (6), question (6), representation (6), lawyer (6), jurisdiction (6), judgment (6), administration (6), statutory (6), reform (6), natural (6), trust (6), nationality (6), conflict (6), enel (6), rulings (6), instruments (6), habitats (6), dangerous (6), birds (6), best (6), indirect (6), illegal (6), transparency (6), science (6), something (6), russian (6), engaged (6), back (6), day (6), exchange (6), across (6), november (6), legitimate (6), recital (6), 434 (6), iss (6), request (6), entirely (6), form (6), net (6), previously (6), 000 (6), housing (6), standard (6), followed (6), light (6), forestry (6), rural (6), 151 (6), welfare (6), 107 (6), 379 (6), equivalent (6), shell (6), challenge (6), increasing (6), again (6), student (6), loans (6), students (6), universities (6), 1968 (6), governing (6), fees (6), deutsche (6), 250 (6), very (6), employed (6), works (6), defines (6), application (6), regarding (6), 319 (6), directors (6), transfer (6), ultimate (6), originally (6), hour (6), meaning (6), separate (6), consumption (6), 169 (6), chs (6), few (6), 345 (6), unjustified (6), assets (6), brought (6), intended (6), nor (6), justification (6), cmlr (6), 287 (6), bolzano (6), local (6), probably (6), certain (6), teec (6), secondary (6), peoples (6), minority (6), seen (6), infringed (6), received (6), significant (6), criticised (6), true (6), suggested (6), technical (6), impose (6), unlike (6), reason (6), 1987 (6), solange (6), für (6), consensus (6), strasbourg (6), challenged (6), whole (6), 1956 (6), values (6), poland (6), romania (6), similar (6), legislate (6), proposal (6), funded (6), knowledge (6), citation (6), series (6), giving (6), benefit (6), buy (6), responsibility (6), provider (6), demand (6), user (6), child (6), fall (6), restrict (6), result (6), representatives (6), publicly (6), generation (6), delay (6), flight (6), fuel (6), firm (6), total (6), sold (6), remedies (6), gives (6), raise (6), marketing (6), down (6), hinder (6), negative (6), gave (6), wealth (6), authorisation (6), insolvent (6), establish (6), show (6), affirmed (6), interests (6), investments (6), lived (6), decide (6), judgments (6), signed (6), contents (5), statement (5), statistics (5), agree (5), last (5), unsourced (5), february (5), january (5), 2024 (5), 2023 (5), wayback (5), links (5), retrieved (5), parliamentary (5), bloc (5), declaration (5), portal (5), lists (5), numbers (5), holidays (5), culture (5), enlargement (5), assembly (5), eastern (5), sport (5), regional (5), permanent (5), driving (5), schengen (5), average (5), withdrawal (5), institute (5), auditors (5), institution (5), legislature (5), areas (5), seats (5), points (5), border (5), dispute (5), function (5), tort (5), inspire (5), francovich (5), freely (5), charges (5), harmonisation (5), acting (5), procedures (5), types (5), relationship (5), essential (5), mcgaughey (5), context (5), complete (5), big (5), annual (5), ukhl (5), views (5), avoid (5), how (5), stop (5), taxi (5), uber (5), remuneration (5), abroad (5), regulate (5), known (5), nature (5), speeds (5), city (5), postal (5), railway (5), bus (5), heavy (5), bathing (5), spanish (5), waters (5), timber (5), type (5), asset (5), federal (5), nordrhein (5), westfalen (5), foster (5), 188 (5), 105 (5), 944 (5), advocate (5), jacobs (5), carbon (5), 152 (5), biomass (5), continue (5), defined (5), why (5), forms (5), turn (5), 194 (5), income (5), 134 (5), credit (5), 283 (5), 138 (5), nhs (5), capacity (5), 413 (5), 201 (5), 1978 (5), 225 (5), 1983 (5), original (5), wall (5), 167 (5), 212 (5), turkey (5), hand (5), 555 (5), implementing (5), mean (5), opposed (5), exercise (5), unequal (5), impact (5), transnational (5), 127 (5), aide (5), sociale (5), angonese (5), 196 (5), defrenne (5), sabena (5), former (5), clearly (5), prohibiting (5), towards (5), test (5), taxation (5), expression (5), 144 (5), kücükdeveci (5), swedex (5), 352 (5), eventually (5), transactions (5), charge (5), job (5), dori (5), employer (5), approval (5), individuals (5), deny (5), sell (5), machine (5), archived (5), 402 (5), nederlandse (5), sufficient (5), reduced (5), propose (5), included (5), stated (5), never (5), left (5), membership (5), amazon (5), leading (5), install (5), websites (5), competitors (5), prime (5), activities (5), providing (5), prohibits (5), dignity (5), whose (5), discriminatory (5), regulated (5), break (5), largely (5), boards (5), infrastructure (5), regulator (5), reasonable (5), finally (5), eliminate (5), solar (5), wind (5), wherever (5), air (5), lower (5), violated (5), overriding (5), enabling (5), active (5), purchase (5), place (5), bill (5), businesses (5), producers (5), enforce (5), loss (5), hold (5), reserves (5), buying (5), rates (5), appointed (5), say (5), justify (5), harmonised (5), schools (5), berlin (5), depending (5), competitor (5), bought (5), mergers (5), mandatory (5), version (5), prohibited (5), solidarity (5), concerned (5), managers (5), prevented (5), bottom (5), fields (5), taxes (5), restricted (5), thus (5), importance (5), soviet (5), alcohol (5), addition (5), representing (5), sue (5), senior (5), meps (5), subsection (5), languages (4), additional (4), foundation (4), link (4), lacking (4), style (4), presidents (4), studies (4), house (4), current (4), space (4), mobility (4), supervision (4), registration (4), licence (4), matters (4), asylum (4), legitimacy (4), expense (4), procurement (4), opt (4), initiative (4), offices (4), vice (4), foundations (4), urban (4), territories (4), larger (4), 1962 (4), 1951 (4), ideas (4), judge (4), pluralism (4), drugs (4), animal (4), dassonville (4), paul (4), metock (4), kamer (4), koophandel (4), voor (4), factortame (4), bosman (4), temporary (4), medical (4), devices (4), integrated (4), technology (4), reach (4), brussels (4), online (4), 258 (4), 4th (4), 2nd (4), 3rd (4), michael (4), philosophical (4), want (4), highest (4), put (4), users (4), future (4), longer (4), wishes (4), host (4), inform (4), exempt (4), setting (4), north (4), neutrality (4), controls (4), electric (4), scandal (4), alleged (4), summary (4), 150 (4), drinking (4), bibcode (4), financing (4), 1306 (4), real (4), objectives (4), farmers (4), developing (4), paper (4), storage (4), bioenergy (4), 231 (4), pricing (4), 285 (4), wilson (4), friends (4), earth (4), royal (4), 411 (4), 516 (4), 370 (4), deposit (4), 103 (4), goal (4), ehrr (4), 453 (4), patients (4), department (4), ability (4), substantial (4), england (4), 209 (4), bidar (4), borough (4), ealing (4), problems (4), 252 (4), academic (4), mail (4), brands (4), taken (4), 234 (4), 519 (4), anyone (4), transfers (4), aiming (4), unlimited (4), iii (4), 438 (4), 1345 (4), demir (4), baykara (4), 397 (4), wtd (4), 243 (4), off (4), cover (4), contain (4), 153 (4), parallel (4), banco (4), español (4), faith (4), cause (4), 109 (4), 145 (4), distribution (4), 349 (4), inequality (4), golden (4), residents (4), 251 (4), watts (4), 1980 (4), here (4), 210 (4), 208 (4), little (4), viking (4), chapter (4), 333 (4), 184 (4), ultimately (4), remain (4), 293 (4), 213 (4), 387 (4), creation (4), 110 (4), 265 (4), 1982 (4), introduced (4), mangold (4), helm (4), debate (4), claimant (4), lord (4), outright (4), thirds (4), applying (4), recommendations (4), faccini (4), west (4), 148 (4), referred (4), 271 (4), leaving (4), 334 (4), chose (4), april (4), administratie (4), privatised (4), seat (4), relating (4), funding (4), smaller (4), unclear (4), allegations (4), allowing (4), organisations (4), 1969 (4), deficit (4), consequences (4), balanced (4), bulgaria (4), croatia (4), finland (4), estonia (4), cyprus (4), slovenia (4), malta (4), expressly (4), operators (4), scientific (4), compliance (4), comprehensive (4), results (4), traffic (4), name (4), turnover (4), phone (4), marketplace (4), discriminate (4), android (4), incitement (4), hatred (4), lack (4), sharing (4), transparent (4), preventing (4), enabled (4), actual (4), circumstances (4), quickly (4), travel (4), regulators (4), heads (4), accounts (4), heating (4), run (4), research (4), daily (4), delayed (4), major (4), follows (4), hs2 (4), alliance (4), keep (4), continent (4), hectares (4), 200 (4), receiving (4), supermarkets (4), takes (4), fifth (4), increase (4), owners (4), reasons (4), growing (4), deadline (4), enables (4), responsible (4), allows (4), fully (4), treated (4), spent (4), domestic (4), added (4), determined (4), greek (4), overseen (4), develop (4), hospitals (4), outcomes (4), grand (4), chamber (4), stay (4), shaped (4), always (4), low (4), intel (4), vertical (4), collectively (4), bans (4), includes (4), misleading (4), monopoly (4), employers (4), passport (4), scheme (4), instructions (4), shareholders (4), protecting (4), incorporated (4), stakeholders (4), incompatible (4), controversial (4), reflecting (4), individually (4), prohibition (4), participate (4), competences (4), initially (4), opted (4), won (4), conservative (4), advised (4), proper (4), balance (4), irish (4), failing (4), justifications (4), bonn (4), accepted (4), certificate (4), contravened (4), taking (4), konsumentombudsmannen (4), chocolate (4), schmidberger (4), exports (4), get (4), conflicting (4), refused (4), plaumann (4), reasoning (4), opinions (4), join (4), approve (4), currently (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), table (3), contact (3), wikimedia (3), commons (3), license (3), updating (3), august (3), clarification (3), yale (3), norms (3), unilateral (3), religion (3), south (3), programme (3), partnership (3), neighbourhood (3), relations (3), card (3), green (3), cultural (3), migration (3), potential (3), accountability (3), supranational (3), preference (3), referendums (3), acquis (3), agencies (3), unified (3), atomic (3), 1954 (3), 1949 (3), 1967 (3), equity (3), bar (3), chambers (3), trial (3), proportionality (3), litigation (3), legality (3), decree (3), precedent (3), letters (3), estate (3), entertainment (3), unjust (3), enrichment (3), crime (3), duyn (3), und (3), procureur (3), roi (3), marleasing (3), comercial (3), fabrieken (3), equipment (3), substances (3), sea (3), reside (3), promotion (3), 116 (3), clinical (3), roaming (3), certainty (3), freedoms (3), alone (3), nice (3), advocates (3), evolution (3), weiler (3), understanding (3), lawyers (3), gráinne (3), materials (3), hart (3), 440 (3), sanctions (3), dsar (3), exemptions (3), accessible (3), entire (3), ads (3), interference (3), news (3), 162 (3), decided (3), accept (3), distortions (3), unrestricted (3), gdpr (3), informed (3), asociación (3), profesional (3), élite (3), 1535 (3), referring (3), distance (3), recipient (3), amending (3), correspondence (3), broadband (3), encourage (3), mbps (3), vodafone (3), argument (3), retail (3), situation (3), tickets (3), cheaper (3), petrol (3), 181 (3), 126 (3), counting (3), 120 (3), grams (3), 2035 (3), previous (3), 278 (3), dpr (3), force (3), shared (3), essent (3), 2050 (3), present (3), 500 (3), compare (3), landmark (3), forward (3), moving (3), fast (3), hydrocarbons (3), efficiency (3), interconnection (3), affect (3), determine (3), significantly (3), transaction (3), pringle (3), 114 (3), opec (3), 1970s (3), 131 (3), 423 (3), 189 (3), sick (3), prior (3), behind (3), perspective (3), protocol (3), linguistic (3), particular (3), tuition (3), productivity (3), 155 (3), laval (3), 457 (3), 132 (3), 202 (3), telecom (3), akzo (3), chemie (3), continental (3), 358 (3), 395 (3), 211 (3), 224 (3), 249 (3), protects (3), organise (3), ilo (3), manage (3), entity (3), organised (3), solo (3), 374 (3), stichting (3), 513 (3), ucits (3), street (3), historical (3), industrial (3), 552 (3), traditions (3), pfeiffer (3), kreuz (3), arguing (3), gains (3), increases (3), period (3), facts (3), extend (3), deakin (3), 488 (3), verbraucherzentrale (3), nrw (3), 307 (3), 618 (3), crédito (3), camino (3), 244 (3), editorial (3), aimed (3), exit (3), 517 (3), 172 (3), stiglitz (3), 171 (3), maduro (3), 478 (3), physical (3), 361 (3), 123 (3), 384 (3), 137 (3), 372 (3), bedford (3), finanzamt (3), wholly (3), makers (3), arguments (3), federalism (3), überseering (3), nordic (3), clients (3), methods (3), itwf (3), abp (3), gebhard (3), staatssecretaris (3), financiën (3), 456 (3), communist (3), enter (3), resident (3), 1007 (3), passed (3), grzelczyk (3), freistaat (3), bayern (3), 279 (3), 492 (3), cassa (3), risparmio (3), practically (3), dano (3), jobcenter (3), leipzig (3), baden (3), württemberg (3), book (3), listed (3), live (3), 405 (3), 368 (3), reflect (3), accord (3), 142 (3), 170 (3), 173 (3), preussenelektra (3), schleswag (3), 270 (3), pursued (3), namely (3), constant (3), 236 (3), 544 (3), handelsgesellschaft (3), vast (3), widely (3), resolved (3), role (3), 463 (3), read (3), believed (3), otherwise (3), bverfge (3), 366 (3), pension (3), 322 (3), colson (3), von (3), 3325 (3), rely (3), srl (3), gerven (3), 316 (3), grounds (3), sex (3), southampton (3), became (3), express (3), consulting (3), comm (3), penalties (3), imposed (3), dialogue (3), autonomy (3), once (3), 254 (3), 253 (3), 326 (3), 313 (3), 1971 (3), acknowledged (3), hands (3), done (3), elr (3), reimbursement (3), 772 (3), 223 (3), recognised (3), 238 (3), 432 (3), 1960 (3), 273 (3), vienna (3), parti (3), écologiste (3), les (3), verts (3), ministres (3), 1945 (3), pursuant (3), mutual (3), assist (3), monopolies (3), lithuania (3), slovakia (3), latvia (3), needs (3), update (3), politically (3), identifier (3), help (3), events (3), operations (3), replaces (3), placed (3), shopping (3), worldwide (3), app (3), traders (3), sellers (3), alphabet (3), broadcasting (3), programmes (3), either (3), behaviour (3), platform (3), platforms (3), due (3), ensuring (3), denial (3), took (3), web (3), designed (3)
Text of the page (random words):
e court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark s minimum share capital rules uk law only required 1 of capital to start a company while denmark s legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200 000 danish krone around 27 000 to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent the court of justice held that denmark s minimum capital law infringed centros ltd s freedom of establishment and could not be justified because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection 245 this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition and a race to the bottom in legal standards like the us state of delaware which is argued to attract companies with the worst standards of accountability and unreasonably low corporate tax 246 appearing to meet the concern in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany simply because it was not validly incorporated in germany restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection labour rights to participate in work or the public interest in collecting taxes but in this case denial of capacity went too far it was an outright negation of the right of establishment 247 setting a further limit in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice held that because corporations are created by law they must be subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose this meant the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary 248 thus the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies where restrictions must be justified and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory 249 although it is not entirely clear why 250 v t e freedom of services cases tfeu arts 56 62 services in the internal market directive 2006 säger v dennemeyer co ltd 1991 c 76 90 alpine investments bv v minister van financiën 1995 c 384 93 geraets smits v stichting ziekenfonds 2001 c 157 99 omega gmbh v oberbürgermeisterin bonn 2004 c 36 02 laval un partneri ltd v svenska baf 2007 c 341 05 josemans v burgemeester van maastricht 2010 c 137 09 see eu law the freedom to provide services under tfeu article 56 applies to people who give services for remuneration especially commercial or professional activity 251 for example in van binsbergen v bestuur van de bedrijfsvereniging voor de metaalnijverheid a dutch lawyer moved to belgium while advising a client in a social security case and was told he could not continue because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice 252 the court of justice held that the freedom to provide services applied it was directly effective and the rule was probably unjustified having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice 253 the court of justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 because usually the state funds it 254 but higher education does not 255 health care generally counts as a service in geraets smits v stichting ziekenfonds mrs geraets smits claimed she should be reimbursed by dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in germany 256 the dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary so she argued this restricted the freedom of the german health clinic to provide services several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic and should not fall within article 56 but the court of justice held health was a service even though the government rather than the service recipient paid for the service 257 national authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay and it followed international medical science on which treatments counted as normal and necessary 258 the court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists and this is also true in the context of the uk s national health service 259 aside from public services another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal josemans v burgemeester van maastricht held that the netherlands regulation of cannabis consumption including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists but not dutch nationals going to coffee shops 260 fell outside article 56 altogether the court of justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi legal activity was subject to restriction if an activity does fall within article 56 a restriction can be justified under article 52 or by overriding requirements developed by the court of justice in alpine investments bv v minister van financiën 261 a business that sold commodities futures with merrill lynch and another banking firms attempted to challenge a dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers the court of justice held the dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent undesirable developments in securities trading including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics thus maintaining confidence in the dutch markets in omega spielhallen gmbh v bonn 262 a laserdrome business was banned by the bonn council it bought fake laser gun services from a uk firm called pulsar ltd but residents had protested against playing at killing entertainment the court of justice held that the german constitutional value of human dignity which underpinned the ban did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services in liga portuguesa de futebol v santa casa da misericórdia de lisboa the court of justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling and a penalty for a gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people s views were highly divergent 263 the ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet in the services directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 which the case law has developed 264 capital edit main articles capital control single euro payments area and economic and monetary union of the eu v t e freedom of capital sources tfeu arts 63 65 capital movement directive 1988 baars v inspecteur der belastingen particulieren 2000 c 251 98 commission v belgium 2000 c 478 98 commission v germany 2007 c 112 05 commission v portugal 2010 c 171 08 tfeu arts 119 282 284 see eu law the european system of central banks including the ecb and member state banks like the banque de france has been criticised for failing to fulfil its mandate it interpreted the requirement for price stability as requiring wage suppression and growing inequality in its dealings on the european debt crisis 265 free movement of capital was traditionally seen as the fourth freedom after goods workers and persons services and establishment the original treaty of rome required that restrictions on free capital flows only be removed to the extent necessary for the common market from the treaty of maastricht now in tfeu article 63 all restrictions on the movement of capital between member states and between member states and third countries shall be prohibited 266 this means capital controls of various kinds are prohibited including limits on buying currency limits on buying company shares or financial assets or government approval requirements for foreign investment by contrast taxation of capital including corporate tax capital gains tax and financial transaction tax are not affected so long as they do not discriminate by nationality according to the capital movement directive 1988 annex i 13 categories of capital which must move free are covered 267 in baars v inspecteur der belastingen particulieren the court of justice held that for investments in companies the capital rules rather than freedom of establishment rules were engaged if an investment did not enable a definite influence through shareholder voting or other rights by the investor 268 that case held a dutch wealth tax act 1964 unjustifiably exempted dutch investments but not mr baars investments in an irish company from the tax the wealth tax or exemptions had to be applied equally on the other hand tfeu article 65 1 does not prevent taxes that distinguish taxpayers based on their residence or the location of an investment as taxes commonly focus on a person s actual source of profit or any measures to prevent tax evasion 269 apart from tax cases largely following from cases originating in the uk 270 a series of cases held that government owned golden shares were unlawful in commission v germany the commission claimed the 1960 german volkswagen act violated article 63 in that 2 1 restricted any party having voting rights exceeding 20 of the company and 4 3 allowed a minority of 20 of shares held by the lower saxony government to block any decisions although this was not an impediment to actual purchase of shares or receipt of dividends by any shareholder the court of justice s grand chamber agreed that it was disproportionate for the government s stated aim of protecting workers or minority shareholders 271 similarly in commission v portugal the court of justice held that portugal infringed free movement of capital by retaining golden shares in portugal telecom that enabled disproportionate voting rights by creating a deterrent effect on portfolio investments and reducing the attractiveness of an investment 272 this suggested the court s preference that a government if it sought public ownership or control should nationalise in full the desired proportion of a company in line with tfeu article 345 273 the final stage of completely free movement of capital was thought to require a single currency and monetary policy eliminating the transaction costs and fluctuations of currency exchange between member states but not between member states and third countries tfeu article 63 following a report of the delors commission in 1988 274 the treaty of maastricht made economic and monetary union an objective first by completing the internal market second by creating a european system of central banks to coordinate common monetary policy and third by locking exchange rates and introducing a single currency the euro today 19 member states have adopted the euro while 9 member states have either determined to opt out or their accession has been delayed particularly since the european debt crisis according to tfeu articles 119 and 127 the objective of the european central bank and other central banks ought to be price stability this has been criticised for apparently being superior to the objective of full employment in the treaty on european union article 3 275 social and market regulations edit see also market economy and stakeholder corporate all enterprises and markets are governed through legal rights for consumers employees investors or the public in laws of property contract competition environmental law and other social and economic rights 276 eu law harmonises a minimum floor of rights so that stakeholders can fully participate in social progress 277 while the european economic community originally focused on free movement and dismantling barriers to trade more eu law today concerns regulation of the social market economy 278 in 1976 the court of justice said in defrenne v sabena the goal was not merely an economic union but to ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples 279 on this view stakeholders in each member state might not have the capacity to take advantage of expanding trade in a globalising economy groups with greater bargaining power can exploit weaker legal rights in other member states for example a corporation could shift production to member states with a lower minimum wage to increase shareholder profit even if production costs more and workers are paid less this would mean an aggregate loss of social wealth and a race to the bottom in human development to make globalisation fair the eu establishes a minimum floor of rights for the stakeholders in enterprise for consumers workers investors shareholders creditors and the public each field of law is vast so eu law is designed to be subsidiary to comprehensive rules in each member state member states may go beyond the harmonised minimum acting as laboratories of democracy 280 eu law makes basic standards of exit where markets operate rights enforceable in court and voice especially through votes in enterprise 281 rules of competition law balance the interests of different groups generally to favour consumers for the larger purpose in the treaty on european union article 3 3 of a highly competitive social market economy 282 the eu is bound by the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 345 to in no way prejudice the rules in member states governing the system of property ownership 273 this means the eu is bound to be neutral to member state s choice to take enterprises into public ownership or to privatise them while there have been academic proposals for a european civil code and projects to frame non binding principles of contract and tort harmonisation has only occurred for conflict of laws and intellectual property consumer protection edit v t e consumer law sources tfeu art 169 and cfreu art 38 product liability directive 1985 unfair terms in consumer contracts directive 1993 banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 c 618 10 rwe ag v verbraucherzentrale nrw ev 2013 c 92 11 brusse v jahani bv 2013 c 488 11 aziz v caixa d estalvis de catalunya 2013 c 415 11 kušionová v smart capital a s 2014 c 34 13 unfair commercial practices directive 2005 consumer rights directive 2011 see also eu law see also european consumer law and consumer protection protection of european consumers has been a central part of developing the eu internal market the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 169 enables the eu to follow the ordinary legislative procedure to protect consumers health safety and economic interests and promote rights to information education and to organise themselves in order to safeguard their interests 283 all member states may grant higher protection and a high level of consumer protection is regarded as a fundamental right 284 beyond these general principles and outs...
|
