Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
the, of, under, and, 1791, 1792, viénot, vaublanc, during, french, deputy, to, fall, 1795, 1805, 1814, 1815, vincent, marie, count, contents, military, education, ancien, régime, political, career, revolution, napoleon, louis, xviii, chamber, 1820, 1827, afterwards, notes, works, by, de, additional, bibliography, external, links, convocation, states, general, 1789, losing, ground, jacobins, legislative, assembly, leader, club, des, feuillants, monarchy, exiled, convention, reign, terror, counterrevolutionary, activist, directory, 1799, corps, législatif, 1800, prefect, moselle, for, first, restoration, against, hundred, days, ultra, royalist, minister, interior, 1816, defence, la, fayette, 10, august, breathless, devotion, from, grace,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (616), and (143), was (89), his (88), vaublanc (60), for (60), with (47), #french (42), that (37), which (37), louis (36), this (35), from (34), france (33), him (33), assembly (31), paris (29), edit (27), had (27), under (25), who (25), king (23), des (20), one (19), #deputy (19), general (18), royalist (16), first (16), 1792 (16), you (15), council (15), time (15), viénot (14), political (14), interior (14), minister (14), comte (14), order (14), page (13), revolution (13), xviii (13), mémoires (13), 1791 (13), after (13), elected (13), august (12), chamber (12), saint (12), president (12), 1815 (12), 1816 (12), september (11), november (11), during (11), legislative (11), national (11), charles (11), 1814 (11), new (11), 1789 (11), not (11), member (11), vincent (10), marie (10), into (10), made (10), been (10), himself (10), wikipedia (9), may (9), deputies (9), richelieu (9), head (9), révolution (9), française (9), français (9), sur (9), constitution (9), but (9), took (9), more (9), two (9), april (9), were (9), would (9), before (9), links (8), ultra (8), françois (8), les (8), house (8), article (8), tome (8), prefect (8), out (8), artois (8), law (8), napoleon (8), against (8), legislature (8), directory (8), terror (8), count (7), about (7), all (7), march (7), people (7), moselle (7), members (7), restoration (7), 1845 (7), other (7), duc (7), state (7), empire (7), 1795 (7), statute (7), livre (7), xvi (7), july (7), over (7), where (7), several (7), became (7), majority (7), those (7), there (7), through (7), their (7), main (7), metz (7), 1805 (7), later (7), convention (7), family (7), career (7), articles (6), honour (6), five (6), hundred (6), royalists (6), fort (6), antoine (6), ministry (6), without (6), chapitre (6), being (6), when (6), baron (6), named (6), october (6), electoral (6), than (6), down (6), name (6), committee (6), right (6), end (6), days (6), forced (6), second (6), seine (6), marne (6), speech (6), 1797 (6), republican (6), club (6), melun (6), fayette (6), toggle (5), search (5), terms (5), external (5), grand (5), prefects (5), domingue (5), 1756 (5), biographie (5), colonies (5), 1830 (5), see (5), chateaubriand (5), nomination (5), according (5), are (5), 1809 (5), same (5), day (5), future (5), power (5), fall (5), revolutionary (5), gave (5), jean (5), these (5), its (5), military (5), then (5), pichegru (5), 500 (5), jacobins (5), decree (5), action (5), republicans (5), party (5), feuillants (5), now (5), contents (4), use (4), commons (4), dead (4), legion (4), century (4), army (4), corps (4), législatif (4), states (4), decazes (4), joseph (4), emmanuel (4), lainé (4), december (4), 978 (4), isbn (4), histoire (4), 1827 (4), edition (4), ancien (4), régime (4), 1889 (4), nationale (4), dictionnaire (4), qui (4), ont (4), 1820 (4), both (4), hands (4), iii (4), pierre (4), asked (4), replaced (4), rue (4), public (4), life (4), memoirs (4), favour (4), could (4), within (4), country (4), principal (4), chambers (4), treason (4), counter (4), result (4), royal (4), must (4), mayors (4), way (4), guard (4), any (4), even (4), events (4), friend (4), bonapartist (4), while (4), officer (4), said (4), june (4), year (4), refuge (4), senate (4), known (4), having (4), bonaparte (4), councils (4), supported (4), active (4), appearance (4), independent (4), union (4), movement (4), republic (4), rally (4), history (4), monarchy (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), additional (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), wikidata (3), pages (3), death (3), 18th (3), male (3), writers (3), historians (3), ministers (3), liberté (3), authority (3), control (3), mathieu (3), molé (3), jacques (3), guillaume (3), war (3), étienne (3), barbé (3), marbois (3), armand (3), has (3), related (3), collection (3), restauration (3), moderne (3), adolphe (3), robert (3), taine (3), gaston (3), bourloton (3), parlementaires (3), gallica (3), universelle (3), outre (3), tombe (3), 1833 (3), instruction (3), work (3), causes (3), 1821 (3), portfolio (3), finally (3), chair (3), proposed (3), threatened (3), roi (3), 1813 (3), philippe (3), january (3), marshal (3), some (3), capacity (3), changes (3), left (3), account (3), led (3), still (3), far (3), large (3), part (3), influence (3), make (3), have (3), election (3), rejected (3), votes (3), hoping (3), arts (3), affair (3), shall (3), put (3), effect (3), académie (3), get (3), they (3), three (3), also (3), permitted (3), given (3), office (3), breathless (3), devotion (3), shouted (3), great (3), back (3), here (3), months (3), assigned (3), return (3), published (3), emperor (3), place (3), département (3), stayed (3), priests (3), delivered (3), 1800 (3), 1799 (3), arrested (3), like (3), carnot (3), escape (3), city (3), hiding (3), help (3), directors (3), obtained (3), drawing (3), 1796 (3), opposed (3), genius (3), ideas (3), conseil (3), portal (3), defunct (3), social (3), alliance (3), reign (3), what (3), armies (3), constitutional (3), counterrevolutionary (3), learnt (3), take (3), region (3), 1793 (3), leave (3), aristocratic (3), returned (3), following (3), read (3), constituent (3), lieutenant (3), education (3), dauphin (3), tools (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), code (2), legal (2), safety (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), non (2), last (2), edited (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), 2025 (2), needing (2), factual (2), verification (2), short (2), description (2), absentia (2), officers (2), essayists (2), poets (2), catholic (2), philosophers (2), department (2), bouches (2), rhône (2), bourbon (2), retrieved (2), title (2), police (2), laurent (2), gouvion (2), cyr (2), vicomte (2), denis (2), pasquier (2), justice (2), plessis (2), affairs (2), 1818 (2), permanent (2), media (2), 1823 (2), digital (2), thadden (2), rudolf (2), von (2), 1955 (2), hippolyte (2), random (2), citizens (2), cougny (2), edgar (2), 1891 (2), assemblée (2), 1824 (2), depuis (2), jusqu (2), michaud (2), 1843 (2), vol (2), online (2), photographed (2), ancienne (2), 1988 (2), bibliography (2), navigation (2), 1839 (2), volumes (2), prince (2), xixeme (2), siècle (2), bordeaux (2), dentu (2), recherches (2), amené (2), celles (2), suivie (2), 1822 (2), 1819 (2), tables (2), pseudonym (2), réflexions (2), bases (2), une (2), fait (2), works (2), lost (2), signed (2), universel (2), sous (2), lacretelle (2), supplément (2), give (2), much (2), voted (2), lowered (2), raspail (2), feuillant (2), lys (2), 1er (2), mai (2), direction (2), notes (2), just (2), accession (2), until (2), failed (2), died (2), age (2), eighty (2), nine (2), came (2), presided (2), colleagues (2), blanc (2), including (2), calvados (2), afterwards (2), threatening (2), did (2), downfall (2), government (2), ambassador (2), went (2), aided (2), fact (2), full (2), want (2), powerful (2), responded (2), powers (2), charged (2), system (2), proposal (2), stay (2), long (2), tabled (2), every (2), years (2), turn (2), grace (2), throughout (2), creation (2), fine (2), idea (2), turned (2), membre (2), radical (2), submission (2), met (2), particular (2), replacing (2), controversial (2), reorganisation (2), persuaded (2), letter (2), secretary (2), can (2), never (2), eleven (2), baptiste (2), institut (2), shortened (2), station (2), ill (2), inspectors (2), colonel (2), removed (2), measures (2), informing (2), them (2), very (2), should (2), advantage (2), immediately (2), special (2), nicknamed (2), wants (2), german (2), governments (2), brother (2), kept (2), court (2), sought (2), support (2), hearing (2), wishing (2), loyalty (2), sent (2), act (2), marseille (2), english (2), anti (2), arrival (2), joined (2), former (2), everything (2), submitted (2), via (2), meeting (2), arrest (2), worry (2), courtyard (2), side (2), flee (2), towards (2), forces (2), passage (2), third (2), volume (2), campaign (2), number (2), narrowly (2), term (2), college (2), retained (2), administrative (2), taking (2), managed (2), chief (2), pope (2), felt (2), speeches (2), consul (2), become (2), attended (2), statue (2), civil (2), 300 (2), duties (2), among (2), coup (2), état (2), conspiracy (2), barthélémy (2), carriage (2), achieved (2), rochambeau (2), passed (2), switzerland (2), pastoret (2), colleague (2), triumvirate (2), director (2), simple (2), delivering (2), nicolas (2), 000 (2), clubs (2), rôle (2), clichy (2), elections (2), elders (2), position (2), moderate (2), assembled (2), colleges (2), friends (2), because (2), famous (2), vendémiaire (2), commission (2), obliged (2), cottin (2), bresson (2), occasion (2), entrusted (2), général (2), quatremère (2), quincy (2), nevertheless (2), saw (2), advocated (2), only (2), person (2), executive (2), conservatism (2), tocqueville (2), communism (2), maurrassisme (2), nation (2), nouvelle (2), école (2), point (2), figaro (2), croix (2), service (2), liberty (2), popular (2), maulnier (2), massis (2), camus (2), maurras (2), pen (2), guizot (2), bonald (2), intellectuals (2), crowd (2), literature (2), daudet (2), white (2), reaction (2), noblesse (2), activist (2), travel (2), risk (2), recognised (2), precaution (2), 1794 (2), four (2), returning (2), appeared (2), next (2), jaucourt (2), ransacked (2), foot (2), inn (2), wrote (2), list (2), near (2), accused (2), provence (2), commune (2), home (2), rabble (2), moment (2), yet (2), exiled (2), attempt (2), rouen (2), request (2), departure (2), hostile (2), debate (2), times (2), die (2), twelve (2), men (2), continued (2), defended (2), vigorously (2), opposition (2), man (2), succeeded (2), defence (2), marat (2), sirs (2), beugnot (2), free (2), brissot (2), antilles (2), embodied (2), task (2), personally (2), leader (2), admitted (2), losing (2), ground (2), bailliage (2), convocation (2), mademoiselle (2), fontenelle (2), 1782 (2), successively (2), militaire (2), born (2), official (2), monarchist (2), voblɑ̃ (2), personal (2), upload (2), file (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, using, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, utc, hidden, permanently, category, containing, language, ipa, dmy, dates, matches, recipients, sentenced, insurgents, fiction, roman, 17th, councillors, counts, deaths, births, https, org, index, php, marie_viénot, _count_of_vaublanc, oldid, 1372895337, open, library, idref, ddb, léonore, deutsche, trove, sycomore, belgium, poland, greece, netherlands, spain, bnf, data, united, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, international, databases, élie, gratet, dubouchage, navy, roy, corvetto, finance, henri, clarke, dambray, foreign, biographical, treasury, samuel, maunder, dupaty, photo, bust, dahesh, museum, art, waresquiel, benoît, yvert, tempus, perrin, 2002, 1996, 2262019013, naissance, lecointe, durey, project, gutenberg, thiers, wiesbaden, steiner, 1972, oclc, 729290, und, napoleonisches, erbe, der, verwaltungszentralismus, als, politisches, problem, frankreich, bouquins, lafont, 2011, 1875, 1893, 2221122181, origines, contemporaine, anarchie, conquête, jacobine, york, 1989, 0394559483, chronicle, schama, simon, entry, database, parliamentarians, since, mignet, auguste, firmin, didot, gabriel, udg, desplaces, entries, lever, evelyne, pluriel, fayard, 2012, 2818502808, penaud, 1848, rené, tragedies, soliman, attila, aristomène, souvenirs, 1838, fastes, mémorables, essai, éducation, destiné, 1828, administrations, provinciales, municipales, commerce, dernier, césars, chute, romain, orient, synchroniques, 1808, rivalité, angleterre, segur, rapport, honneurs, récompenses, militaires, janvier, nom, comité, publique, started, obey, found, forgotten, key, feeling, how, important, let, slip, opportunity, blood, rushed, face, vexed, beyond, endurance, tore, half, extracted, whereupon, showing, least, sign, emotion, surprise, post, troisième, partie, 232, 202, 338, larousse, dix, ans, épreuve, 1842, 171, numéro, imprimerie, demonville, ami, citoyens, custom, form, throne, covered, gold, reserved, couthon, similar, grangeneuve, words, inventions, servility, attractive, appellation, motion, resulted, step, boycott, compromise, reached, dom, leclerc, 1940, letouzet, ane, boulevard, girondins, août, avril, seat, majesté, sires, fleur, 285, editeur, publié, 256, 182, chez, imprimeur, libraire, erfurth, bis, 170, bertier, sauvigny, bibliographie, critique, écrits, traduits, librairie, droz, 251, onwards, été, chevalier, novembre, décembre, reappointed, written, promise, statues, deposed, retired, worked, sight, bac, peerage, board, inquiry, macdonald, spanish, expedition, oversaw, periodicals, starting, drapeau, quotidienne, vitrolles, breteche, selected, proprietor, sugar, plantation, parish, basse, terre, recommended, judiciary, administration, construction, storehouses, guadeloupe, vice, session, again, shortly, failure, plans, reform, sacked, insistence, tit, tat, deal, recompensed, titles, privy, joachim, demanded, dismiss, resign, acquiesced, countersign, episode, descended, farce, battle, personalities, versus, tight, between, hysterical, outburst, report, absurdly, insisted, indispensability, firmer, resolute, pace, allies, present, uneasy, dissensions, russian, corsican, blame, sources, disorder, heterogeneous, composition, defection, greatly, weakened, crown, carlo, andrea, pozzo, borgo, expulsion, students, polytechnic, perpetrators, disturbances, indiscipline, bonapartists, expelled, reasons, heckled, nothing, scathingly, high, indeed, traitor, draft, enthusiasm, precedent, charter, annual, fifth, tier, aimed, keeping, possible, involving, impasse, briefly, purging, academy, ousted, painter, david, libre, academia, benevolence, mixed, reception, liberals, reproached, poet, significant, literary, achievements, earned, nickname, littérature, maupeou, académiciens, choiseul, gouffier, etienne, lévis, roederer, arnault, countersigning, perhaps, perpetuity, tire, repeating, manifest, institute, remnant, spirit, whose, urgently, quelled, wise, foresight, working, statutes, direct, academicians, suard, forms, explained, measure, thus, accelerating, formal, recall, continue, appear, suited, staff, none, review, nominations, positions, ultras, infiltrate, organisation, easily, send, circular, departmental, priorities, troubled, priority, maintenance, true, vigilance, foresees, disorderliness, renders, force, unnecessary, used, lock, prefectural, transferring, sacking, twenty, incumbency, slightly, implicated, engaged, activity, frenetic, describe, tabling, reestablish, courts, applause, gallery, rose, feet, repeated, yes, chambre, introuvable, cours, prévôtales, keeper, seals, contemporary, historian, summed, comments, 1829, saying, due, background, talents, martignac, demonstrates, exercised, rival, pavilion, restore, absolutism, rolling, innovations, ushered, marsan, thanks, largely, nominate, ruling, suspended, quick, enough, good, news, wasted, establishing, firmly, live, past, bridges, thank, councillor, spot, liberate, six, prisoners, surprising, appropriate, circumstances, convulsed, violence, encountered, mentions, capelle, possibly, need, essays, predicted, majesty, less, bossuet, montesquieu, better, your, own, self, leaving, exit, galloping, away, horse, maintained, loyal, governor, attempted, hinder, rallies, joining, ghent, luxembourg, moniteur, davout, ordre, arrestation, oudinot, officier, opened, gates, welcome, coalition, rewarded, zeal, commander, knighted, hereditary, bestowed, 1810, audience, strongly, objected, russia, withdrawal, mainz, leipzig, wounded, soldiers, resulting, epidemic, fell, victim, escaped, typhoid, hannover, majorat, légion, honneur, candidate, interested, territorial, reorganisations, obtain, prefecture, february, administrator, activism, habit, roaming, horseback, stagecoach, customary, préfet, 1804, night, loing, travelling, coronation, montargis, pius, vii, 1803, admiration, respect, reestablished, persecution, seen, example, floréal, consuls, flattering, nivôse, xiii, napoléon, meantime, together, acting, inauguration, marble, hall, commissioned, father, fontanes, empereur, conservative, fulfil, issuing, regular, reports, consulate, rest, questeur, painting, ingres, viii, amnesty, proscribed, presented, consulat, brumaire, fructidor, unfortunately, armée, italie, intercepted, agent, possession, documents, revealing, advertised, posters, streets, conspirators, either, deported, latter, limits, siege, connivance, italy, various, disguises, guyana, augereau, alexandre, launay, antraigues, pressure, barras, reubell, reveillière, lépeaux, ordered, ministerial, reshuffle, disadvantaging, admiral, thomas, villaret, joyeuse, hair, breadth, achieving, plan, convinced, demand, impeachment, meanwhile, join, come, lazare, marguerite, clichiens, cornered, counterattacked, strong, sambre, meuse, approached, command, hoche, pleaded, dissolving, freedom, press, allowed, attacks, impunity, prominent, began, directly, appointed, policing, maintaining, security, orders, brigadiers, representatives, prairial, proceeded, replace, gained, straws, preferring, forcefulness, beurnonville, tourneur, bureau, hold, brought, however, wait, desfourneaux, overturn, sentence, reason, unconstitutionality, easier, fear, inspired, swear, hatred, royalty, legend, interrupted, highlander, speak, instantly, keep, conspiration, égaux, faction, faubourg, poissonnière, condemned, lostange, headquarters, théâtre, mostly, residence, sophie, wife, making, sketches, thirds, insurrection, vendemaire, discovered, tactical, central, chrysostome, book, comprising, invited, elaborate, theories, refused, broadly, followed, representing, light, names, cinq, cents, anciens, ancients, boissy, anglas, daunou, spring, reflections, foundations, ségur, parliamentary, instead, case, belief, installation, single, sake, efficiency, sovereigntist, sinistrisme, remigration, liberalism, anarchism, politics, miscellaneous, argentina, clerical, archeofuturism, topics, présent, minute, quotidien, presse, valeurs, actuelles, radio, courtoisie, magazine, express, écho, sud, famille, chrétienne, éléments, cnews, atlantico, civique, ligue, patrie, hussards, feu, civitas, cercle, proudhon, camelots, pre, liberation, inter, universitaire, udr, group, student, cockade, rassemblement, jeunesse, royaliste, identitaires, manif, pour, tous, initiative, grece, organisations, resistance, federation, liberal, radicals, agrarian, peasant, democratic, soyons, libres, reconquête, centre, independents, peasants, confidence, debout, royale, parties, venner, tasin, sérant, sastre, pujo, pauwels, ornellas, orcival, obertone, nay, mougeotte, ménard, marmin, lévy, lasserre, jamet, escufon, girardin, giesbert, cassen, buisson, bardot, barbier, commentators, zemmour, villiers, villèle, schuman, sarkozy, tour, pin, rocque, retailleau, pompidou, polignac, poisson, poincaré, peyrefitte, pétain, pécresse, necker, messmer, messiha, maréchal, macmahon, malraux, marine, kérillis, juppé, holeindre, gaulle, fouéré, flandin, ciotti, cathelineau, boulanger, bellamy, bardella, politicians, 2015, 2014, suicide, 2006, tyranny, guilt, 1973, camp, saints, opium, 1945, quantity, 1937, 1905, intelligentsia, 1895, 1882, 1864, ancient, 1835, democracy, america, petersburg, dialogues, 1802, christianity, jacobinism, considerations, thibon, siegfried, rueff, rougier, rohmer, rivarol, renan, rémond, poulat, nimier, maffesoli, morel, maistre, madiran, lugan, play, lemaître, lefebvre, bon, jouvenel, houellebecq, gobineau, guénon, girardet, freund, faye, faguet, dumézil, delsol, fustel, coulanges, cau, brague, brunetière, bruckner, boutang, bonnet, benoist, baudelaire, barrès, barruel, barbey, aurevilly, bainville, ballanche, 2024, crisis, algiers, putsch, 1961, vichy, dreyfus, muscadins, companions, jehu, chouan, chouannerie, thermidorian, vendée, monarchiens, traditional, souverainisme, patriotism, natural, oblige, nativism, nationalism, monarchism, metapolitics, meritocracy, imperialism, hierarchy, culture, values, dirigisme, principles, ultramontanism, sarkozysm, orléanism, legitimism, nationalist, integralism, gaullism, bonapartism, ideologies, series, opting, south, changed, ferocious, oppression, representative, dangers, regions, entailed, month, avoid, enlisting, well, feigned, illness, medical, certificate, allow, thermal, cure, castéra, verduzan, allay, suspicions, regularly, pricking, gums, simulate, incurable, spa, waited, proscription, lifted, robespierre, scurvy, gers, rochelle, poitiers, tallien, trial, papers, prosecutors, antoinette, suspects, vote, detachment, fled, highways, entirely, throwing, mercy, chance, wandered, entering, town, especially, going, local, authorities, passport, stamped, newly, established, revealed, outlaws, drawn, municipality, reunited, bélombres, lived, newspaper, others, accepted, francs, queen, purpose, organising, secretly, gorsas, normandy, evening, archivist, moved, hotel, strasbourg
Text of the page (random words):
alist legitimism maurrassisme orléanism révolution nationale sarkozysm ultramontanism principles anti communism counter revolution dirigisme family values french culture hierarchy imperialism meritocracy metapolitics monarchism nationalism nativism noblesse oblige natural order patriotism social order souverainisme traditional authority history ancien régime monarchiens feuillant constitutional monarchy catholic and royal armies war in the vendée thermidorian reaction chouannerie chouan first white terror companions of jehu muscadins second white terror bourbon restoration ultra royalists dreyfus affair second french empire philippe daudet affair vichy france algiers putsch of 1961 2024 the republicans alliance crisis intellectuals ballanche bainville barbey d aurevilly barruel barrès baudelaire de benoist blanc de saint bonnet de bonald boutang bruckner brunetière brague cau de chateaubriand fustel de coulanges daudet delsol dumézil faguet faye freund girardet guizot guénon de gobineau houellebecq de jouvenel le bon lefebvre lemaître le play lugan madiran de maistre morel maffesoli massis maurras maulnier nimier poulat raspail rémond renan de rivarol rohmer rougier rueff siegfried taine de tocqueville thibon literature considerations on france 1796 the history of jacobinism 1797 the genius of christianity 1802 the pope 1819 st petersburg dialogues 1821 democracy in america 1835 the ancient city 1864 what is a nation 1882 the crowd 1895 the future of the intelligentsia 1905 my political ideas 1937 the reign of quantity 1945 the opium of the intellectuals 1955 the camp of the saints 1973 the tyranny of guilt 2006 the french suicide 2014 submission 2015 politicians bardella bellamy de bonald boulanger cathelineau charles x de chateaubriand ciotti flandin fouéré guizot de gaulle holeindre juppé de kérillis le pen jean marie le pen marine louis xvi louis xviii louis philippe i maurras malraux macmahon maréchal messiha messmer necker pécresse pétain peyrefitte pichegru poincaré poisson de polignac pompidou retailleau de la rocque de la tour du pin sarkozy schuman de vaublanc de villèle de villiers zemmour commentators barbier bardot buisson camus cassen jean giesbert de girardin d escufon jamet lasserre lévy marmin massis maulnier ménard mougeotte nay obertone d orcival d ornellas pauwels pujo sastre sérant tasin venner parties active alliance royale debout la france national republican movement future with confidence national centre of independents peasants national rally reconquête the republicans senate republicans soyons libres via the way of the people union of the right for the republic defunct democratic republican alliance feuillants french agrarian and peasant party french social party movement for france independent radicals independent republicans party of order rally of the french people popular liberal action rally for france rally for the republic republican federation resistance party union for a popular movement union for the new republic organisations active action française grece initiative and liberty movement la manif pour tous les identitaires nouvelle action royaliste rassemblement national de la jeunesse student cockade udr group union nationale inter universitaire defunct action française pre liberation camelots du roi cercle proudhon civitas croix de feu hussards independent republicans ligue de la patrie française service d action civique media active atlantico cnews éléments famille chrétienne l écho du sud l express la croix le figaro le figaro magazine le point nouvelle école radio courtoisie valeurs actuelles defunct la liberté la presse la nation française le quotidien de paris minute présent related topics archeofuturism clerical philosophers maurrassisme in argentina miscellaneous right politics of france anarchism communism far left far right liberalism remigration sinistrisme sovereigntist right tocqueville effect conservatism portal france portal v t e on his return to paris in the spring of 1795 he published his reflections on the foundations of a constitution réflexions sur les bases d une constitution under the pseudonym of l p de ségur tabled by his friend bresson then a deputy at the national convention in this work he advocated the creation of two parliamentary chambers instead of one as was the case under the convention in the belief that having only one chamber had been one of the causes of the terror he also advocated the installation of a single person as head of the executive for the sake of efficiency as opposed to the directory s five after the appearance of this book the committee entrusted with the drawing up of the constitution of year iii comprising daunou and françois antoine de boissy d anglas invited him to elaborate on his theories but he refused his ideas were nevertheless broadly followed and two chambers representing the legislature saw the light of day with the names council of ancients elders and council of five hundred conseil des anciens and conseil des cinq cents opposed to the decree of two thirds he took on an active rôle with antoine chrysostome quatremère de quincy at the time of the insurrection of 13 vendemaire iv 5 october 1795 on this occasion he discovered the tactical genius of bonaparte who became known as le général vendémiaire he was a member of the central royalist committee entrusted with replacing the convention on 17 october as head of the royalist faction of the faubourg poissonnière he was condemned to death in absentia by a military commission presided over by general lostange which had its headquarters at the théâtre français this obliged him to go into hiding for a second time mostly at the residence of sophie cottin a friend of bresson s wife he took advantage of his stay there by making sketches of cottin main article 13 vendémiaire several days later the convention forced to hold new elections assembled the electoral colleges this election brought a majority of royalists into the senate and into the council of 500 the college of melun elected vaublanc as deputy for seine et marne and as a member of the council of 500 however he had to wait for his friends desfourneaux and pastoret to overturn his sentence by reason of unconstitutionality this was made easier because of the fear inspired in the assembly by conspiration des égaux at the end of august 1796 on 2 september 1796 he delivered the famous speech i swear hatred for royalty which according to legend was interrupted by a highlander who shouted speak up to which vaublanc responded instantly keep it down the elections of year v may 1797 in which one third of the representatives were replaced turned the tables in favour of the royalists who achieved a majority in both chambers on 20 may 1797 20 prairial v charles pichegru was elected president of the council of 500 and barbé marbois of the council of elders vaublanc himself was named membre du bureau of the council of 500 on the same day the legislature proceeded to replace the republican director le tourneur who had gained the position by drawing straws with the moderate royalist françois de barthélémy at that time the french ambassador to switzerland vaublanc voted against his nomination preferring general beurnonville who was known for his forcefulness the new majority supported freedom of the press which allowed attacks on the directory to be made with impunity the club de clichy of which vaublanc was a prominent member began to control the two councils and directly threatened the directory he was appointed to their committee of inspectors and given the rôle of policing the councils and maintaining their security from within as a result he had the power to give orders to the councils brigadiers the directory cornered counterattacked with the 80 000 strong army of sambre et meuse which approached paris under the command of hoche at the same time vaublanc pleaded for and obtained from the council an order dissolving all clubs including those of the jacobins on 16 july 1797 under pressure from the councils the three republican directors barras reubell and la reveillière lépeaux ordered a ministerial reshuffle disadvantaging the royalists on 3 september vaublanc with his colleague admiral louis thomas villaret de joyeuse and other clichiens was a hair s breadth from achieving a coup d état against the triumvirate of republican directors their plan which convinced the director lazare nicolas marguerite carnot was simple vaublanc was charged with delivering a speech on 4 september before the council of 500 which would demand the impeachment of the triumvirate meanwhile general pichegru who had been persuaded by carnot to join the conspiracy at the head of the legislature s guard would come to arrest the directors 19 unfortunately for him general bonaparte then head of the armée d italie intercepted a royalist agent louis alexandre de launay comte d antraigues in possession of documents revealing the conspiracy and the treason of pichegru he sent general pierre augereau and his army to paris where the general advertised the treason with posters in the streets the principal conspirators were either arrested and deported to guyana like pichegru and barthélémy or forced to flee like carnot and vaublanc the latter managed to escape the city limits of paris which was then still in a state of siege by hiding in a carriage this escape was achieved through the connivance of rochambeau vaublanc made it to italy with the help of various disguises on his way he passed through switzerland where he stayed with his friend pastoret 19 main article french directory 18 fructidor under napoleon edit the coup d état of 18 brumaire viii 10 november 1799 and the accession to power of the consulat which gave amnesty to the proscribed permitted him to return to france where he was presented to bonaparte deputy to the corps législatif 1800 1805 edit bonaparte first consul in a painting by ingres in 1800 vaublanc was elected by the conservative senate to be deputy for calvados one of 300 members of the legislature corps législatif and to fulfil the duties of questeur for a five year term among those duties was that of issuing regular reports on the consulate for the rest of his life the admiration and respect which he felt towards napoleon for having reestablished order in france and put an end to the persecution of priests can be seen in several of his speeches at this time for example that of 24 floréal x to the consuls in his capacity as deputy to the legislature a speech which is flattering to the first consul or that of 24 nivôse xiii 13 january 1805 this time delivered before napoléon i who had in the meantime become empereur des français when together with jean pierre louis de fontanes acting president of the legislature vaublanc attended the inauguration of a marble statue of the emperor in the hall of the legislature which had been commissioned to honour the father of the civil code he was president of the legislature from 21 april to 7 may 1803 on 4 november 1804 pope pius vii stayed the night at vaublanc s house in montargis 28 rue de loing while travelling to paris for the coronation of the emperor prefect of moselle 1805 1814 edit at the end of his term as deputy in 1805 the electoral college of seine et marne put him up as a candidate for the senate but he was not retained interested by the administrative and territorial reorganisations that were taking place he managed to obtain a prefecture and on 1 february 1805 at metz he was named préfet de la moselle prefect or chief administrator of the département of moselle he became known for his activism and for his habit of roaming his département on horseback and not by stagecoach as was customary for prefects napoleon rewarded him for his zeal he was made commander of the légion d honneur knighted on 28 november 1809 made baron d empire on 19 december 1809 a hereditary title and was bestowed on 17 july 1810 with a majorat in hannover in june of that year he had an audience with the emperor at the time of his passage through metz during which according to the third volume of his memoirs he strongly objected to the idea of a campaign against russia during the campaign of 1813 after the withdrawal of the mainz army from leipzig a large number of wounded soldiers took refuge in metz resulting in a typhoid epidemic of which vaublanc fell victim he escaped death narrowly in 1814 he opened the gates of metz to welcome the coalition forces under louis xviii edit for the first restoration and against the hundred days 1814 1815 edit maintained as prefect of moselle after the first restoration he was made an officier of the legion of honour on 23 august 1814 after the return of napoleon he kept metz loyal to louis xviii and with marshal oudinot the military governor of metz he attempted to hinder any bonapartist rallies an ordre d arrestation published by marshal davout in le moniteur universel forced him to flee towards luxembourg joining louis xviii at ghent it is said that on meeting the officer assigned to arrest him he said do not worry about me better worry about your own self no one must see you leaving by the large courtyard and led him to a side exit before galloping away on his horse on his arrival he encountered chateaubriand who mentions him in his mémoires d outre tombe m de vaublanc and m capelle joined us the former said he had everything he could possibly need in his portfolio you want montesquieu here you go bossuet there you are 20 he submitted to the king via the comte d artois several essays on the state of the country and predicted that his majesty would be on his way back to paris in two months or less after the second restoration in order to thank him for his loyalty louis xviii named him state councillor on the spot and on 27 december 1815 grand officer of the legion of honour in july he sent him to marseille to be prefect of bouches du rhône and to liberate five to six hundred bonapartist prisoners a surprising act which was appropriate under the circumstances marseille being under english control and convulsed by anti bonapartist violence ultra royalist minister of the interior 1815 1816 edit wishing to live down his bonapartist past while minister of the interior he removed the letter n from the bridges of paris main article ultra royalist on 26 september 1815 thanks largely to the support of his friend the comte d artois the king named him minister of the interior and of public instruction the new president of the council the duc de richelieu who had been forced to nominate him had a ruling on his nomination suspended but he was not quick enough and on hearing the good news vaublanc wasted no time in establishing himself firmly in his new ministry this nomination demonstrates the influence that the comte d artois exercised over the governments of his brother he kept a rival court at the marsan pavilion and sought to restore absolutism by rolling back the innovations that had ...
|
