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imited number of programs could be broadcast per show so the additional broadcasting of different versions of the same programs was a great inconvenience 1 in 1982 the executives at nos decided to develop a unified data format an application that was specific for each computer model called bascoder managed the recall and storage of programs and data in this unified format from tape the bascoders were broadcast by nos as well but could also be bought from nos on cassette and shared among friends and acquaintances the format which was very well protected against interference could be read and written by many popular home computer systems the robustness of the format also made broadcasting via mediumwave radio possible which increased the range and in turn the number of potential users for example data broadcast by the dutch radio station hilversum could be received in large parts of the german democratic republic basicode 2 edit zx81 apple ii the standard solved one of the aforementioned problems the incompatible data formats however programs still had to be adapted to each computer s basic dialect and hardware capabilities limiting the programs to only use instructions common across all dialects meant big limitations in terms of functionality for example completely refraining from using graphics and sound whilst limiting functionality for data input using the keyboard and character output on the screen for these reasons in 1983 the enhanced standard basicode 2 was created 1 bascoders using this standard did not only contain routines for input and output of data to tape in addition to a set of about 50 basic commands functions and operators that were common across all basic dialects the language standard of basicode 2 defined a library of subroutines that emulated the same capabilities across all supported computers to achieve this all program lines below 1000 were reserved for the bascoder and basicode programs could only start at line number 1000 the subroutines of the bascoder in the lines below 1000 were called with a gosub command 1 necessary arguments were passed to the bascoder by using special predefined variables that were reserved for use by the bascoder the standard contained a number of additional rules that were made necessary by the limitations of some computer models for example on a kc series computer a line of code could not be longer than 60 characters these limitations had to be enforced for all basicode programs to guarantee platform independence because the bascoder was interpreted by the same computer specific basic interpreter as the basicode program itself thus the bascoders were loaded on the various computers like normal programs and when run they provided the additional routines for the common standard and cassette i o programs written in basicode were only usable after the bascoder had been loaded and started however on some computers the basicode programs could be merged with the routines of the bascoders and saved in the native data format the resulting program was not platform independent any longer but due to the higher data density of most native formats it could be loaded much faster than the same program in basicode format also because it was not necessary to load the complete bascoder to run the program more ram remained available at run time there were basicode 2 bascoders for the exidy sorcerer colour genie pet vic 20 commodore 64 amiga zx81 zx spectrum sinclair ql acorn atom bbc micro electron trs 80 msx oric atmos p2000t grundy newbrain amstrad cpc ibm pc apple ii ti 99 4a aquarius and others additionally advanced users were able to write their own bascoder for their system of choice since the language standard and data format were open and well documented the basicode 2 standard made the development of platform independent programs with advanced capabilities for the time possible in addition basicode was used to transmit and share information like computer scene news via radio in the form of so called journals similarly basicode coding tutorials and other documentation could also be transmitted this way basicode 3 3c edit in 1986 the new basicode 3 standard was developed 1 the most important additions were routines for simple monochrome graphics reading and writing data from within programs and sound output a booklet was published about the language which came with a cassette containing bascoders for various microcomputers 3 basicode 3 made basicode popular in the computer scene of the gdr and from 1989 onward basicode programs were transmitted via radio throughout the gdr also a book was published which included a vinyl record with bascoders for all computers common in the gdr 4 the last revision of basicode which featured color graphics was released as basicode 3c in 1991 the end of basicode edit from about 1990 onward the popularity of basicode declined rapidly due to the rise of 16 and 32 bit computers such as the atari st cbm amiga acorn archimedes and the plethora of ibm pc compatible clones even though there were bascoders for these machines basicode was too limited to make use of the resources that the new generation of computers provided as the hardware operating systems and software of new computers became more and more complex many users were unable or less inclined to write their own programs the rise of several sophisticated but incompatible graphical user interfaces and the decline in popularity of 8 bit computers reduced the usefulness of basicode and brought about the demise the successor of the gdr s state broadcaster the deutschlandsender kultur which later became part of the new deutschlandradio continued to broadcast basicode programs until about 1992 a planned standard called basicode 4 never became reality because nos stopped supporting the project shortly after basicode 3c was released basicode is still used by enthusiasts in particular 8 bit computer fans for nostalgic value but is not of any practical relevance historical significance edit basicode was an early attempt at creating a standard for the exchange of programs and data across mutually incompatible home computer systems it is roughly contemporary to the msx standard developed by microsoft which specified a shared hardware platform in addition to a common basic dialect these computers were sold by multiple companies and directly competed with other popular home computers msx was successful mostly in the home markets of the manufacturers for example japan south korea the netherlands and brazil unlike msx basicode made no effort to standardise the hardware it ran on rather it offered a standardised subset of the ubiquitous basic programming language and a common data format for cassette tapes which could be read and written on all computers for which basicode was available as a result of this device independence unlike msx basicode was not limited to computers by specific manufacturers the installed base of basicode is hard to estimate because both the basicoders and the programs written in basicode were generally freely available they were available for a large number of home computers sold during this era though not a commercial product several vendors offered versions on tape which could be bought cheaply presumably aimed at those that could not receive basicode radio broadcasts it must be stated that basicode was by design unable to use the capabilities of the host computers to their full extent the language standard defined by basicode was the lowest common denominator of all relevant computer systems this concept was partially abandoned only with basicode3 3c as some computers or computer variants like the zx80 zx81 and the kc87 were not capable of graphics and color and the new sections of basicode using these capabilities were not usable on them especially for applications that relied on timing and graphics or sound for example video games basicode was clearly inferior to programs written in native basic or machine code the strengths of basicode were in the areas of application design education software and data sharing the basicode format was also used for pascal programs pascal was a much more consistent language across systems but compilers were available only for very few types of home computers the underlying concept of basicode which is the definition of a language standard for platform independent software development and the implementation of said standard as system specific runtimes bascoder was later revisited in the programming language java via operating system specific java virtual machines which execute java programs additionally the distribution of data and information in the basicode data format is reminiscent of current platform agnostic document types like the portable document format pdf and the pdf reader applications it necessitates the basicode data format edit a basicode compact audio cassette the typical basicode data storage medium in the basicode format the recording of programs is analogous to the recording of data so when recording programs the commands are not read and written in the form of single byte units tokens but character by character a data block begins with the character 02 stx start of text and ends with the character 03 etx end of text after etx a check byte made up of the previous bytes including stx and etx by binary addition xor is transmitted a 0d character decimal 13 marks the end of a line during transmission data files created by programs are able to use all characters as data and must contain no control characters each byte is transmitted in the sequence 1 start bits 8 data bits 2 stop bits the data bits are sent with the least significant bit first the most significant bit is transmitted inverted and is always 0 transmitted as 1 because basicode uses only ascii characters so another way to describe the transmit sequence is 1 start bit 7 data bits 3 stop bits the resulting redundancy is intended for maximising compatibility with different computers for the audio signals square waves in the form of a 1200 hz wave for a 0 bit and two 2400 hz waves for a 1 bit are used resulting in a time of 1 1200 seconds for each bit a pause longer than 1 1800 seconds between waves marks the beginning of a byte making the following wave the start bit after the start bit and before the eight data bits is another pause of at least 1 1800 seconds a 2400 hz signal with a length of five seconds marks the beginning of a transmission and is used for synchronization of the reading program at the end of the transmission a 2400 hz signal with a length of one second is sent the theoretical data rate of this format is 1200 bits per second considering the transmission of three additional bits per data byte and the pauses before and after the start bit this results in a usable data rate of 102 bytes per second and about 6 kilobytes per minute decoding audio cassettes edit on a modern computer basicode audio cassettes can be decoded using minimodem a freely available software modem for example for a cassette converted into a wav file basicode wav can be decoded to its corresponding data bytes via the command minimodem rx 1200 s 1200 m 2400 startbits 1 7 stopbits 3 f basicode wav basicode txt see also edit hardware abstraction kansas city standard library computing virtual machine references edit 1 2 3 4 5 weet ik october 1991 basis code 3 by bob munniksma aarde kosmos issue 7 1986 basicode 3 uitgebreid esperanto voor k omputers by rien van dongen basicode 3 by hermine bakker 1986 isbn 90 201 1949 4 basicode mit programmen auf schallplatte für heimcomputer by horst völz 1990 isbn 3 341 00895 0 further reading edit in german michael wiegand manfred fillinger basicode mit programmkassette ravensburger buchverlag ravensburg 1986 isbn 3 473 44010 8 in dutch hermine bakker jaques haubrich authors stichting basicode publisher het basicode 3 boek 3 auflage kluwer technische boeken b v deventer antwerpen 1988 isbn 90 201 2111 1 in german horst völz basicode mit programmen auf schallplatte für heimcomputer verlag technik berlin 1990 isbn 3 341 00895 0 external links edit in dutch official dutch hobbyscoop site the original development group of basicode basicode an example of dutch computer folklore historical information in german basicode software für alle information about history and programming downloadable tape images downloads are with permission of hobbyscoop a collection of basicode programs by various authors various basicode programs v t e dialects of the basic programming language list classic microsoft microsoft basic trs 80 basics level i level ii iii thomson basic 1 0 texas instruments ti basic calculators ti extended basic aka xbasic ti basic 83 hewlett packard hp time shared basic rocky mountain basic hp basic locomotive software locomotive basic mallard basic microcomputers atom basic integer basic north star basic scelbal minicomputers basic 11 business basic b32 data general data general extended basic southampton basic system wang basic time sharing computers basic plus vsi basic for openvms super basic call 360 basic other alphabasic astro basic basicode bal casio basic cbasic pbasic sds basic tiny basic ubasic zbasic extenders basic 8 simons basic super expander super expander 64 ys megabasic procedure oriented proprietary amigabasic amos basic asic basicx beta basic futurebasic grass liberty basic lse mapbasic mobile basic owbasic powerbasic purebasic smilebasic tiger basic true basic turbo basic wordbasic free and open source basic 256 basic4gl bbc basic v darkbasic indic basic open programming language sdlbasic smallbasic qb64 wxbasic xbasic xblite yabasic with object extensions proprietary autoit chipmunk basic glbasic lotusscript morfik powerbasic vba vbscript vb 5 for microsoft excel 5 0 vsto vsta embedded visual basic free and open source blitzmax freebasic microsoft small basic mono basic openoffice basic visual basic net roslyn rad designers proprietary ca realizer visual basic classic ns basic rapidq visual basic net mercury xojo free and open source b4x basic4android basic4ppc gambas winfbe visual fb editor defunct altair basic applesoft basic apple business basic atari basic atari microsoft basic atari st basic basic a basic xe basic xl basic programming atari 2600 bbc basic benton harbor basic chinese basic commodore basic color basic dartmouth basic disk extended color basic extended color basic family basic gfa basic gw basic ibm basic jr basic macbasic mbasic msx basic ms basic for macintosh qbasic quickbasic s basic sinclair basic stos basic superbasic ti basic ti 99 4a turbo basic xl vilnius basic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title basicode oldid 1353448166 categories basic programming language family dutch inventions computer related introductions in 1980 1980 establishments in the netherlands 1980 in computing computer related introductions in 1982 1982 in computing science and 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