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e time being saying that due to the internal tensions in germany referring to sections of the nazi sturmabteilung that hitler would soon kill in the night of the long knives that germany could not afford to provoke italy 21 galeazzo ciano told the press that the two leaders had made a gentleman s agreement to avoid interfering in austria 22 engelbert dollfuss chancellor of austria 1932 1934 several weeks after the venice meeting on 25 july 1934 austrian nazis assassinated dollfuss 21 mussolini was outraged as he held hitler directly responsible for the assassination that violated hitler s promise made only weeks ago to respect austrian independence 23 22 mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the brenner pass and warned that a german move against austria would result in war between germany and italy 24 hitler responded by both denying nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the german nazi party and its austrian branch which germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis 25 italy effectively abandoned diplomatic relations with germany while turning to france in order to challenge germany s intransigence by signing a franco italian accord to protect austrian independence 26 french and italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with germany should hitler dare to attack austria relations between germany and italy recovered due to hitler s support of italy s invasion of ethiopia in 1935 while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against italy development of german italian japanese alliance hideo kodama a wartime cabinet minister in the empire of japan interest in germany and japan in forming an alliance began when japanese diplomat hiroshi ōshima visited joachim von ribbentrop in berlin in 1935 27 although at the time japan was unwilling to make an alliance against the united kingdom and france oshima informed von ribbentrop of japan s interest in forming a german japanese alliance against the soviet union 28 27 von ribbentrop expanded on oshima s proposal by advocating that the alliance be based in a political context of a pact to oppose the comintern 27 the proposed pact was met with mixed reviews in japan with a faction of ultra nationalists within the government supporting the pact while the imperial japanese navy and the japanese foreign ministry were staunchly opposed to the pact 29 there was great concern in the japanese government that such a pact with germany could disrupt japan s relations with britain endangering years of a beneficial anglo japanese accord that had allowed japan to ascend in the international community in the first place 30 the response to the pact was met with similar division in germany while the proposed pact was popular amongst the upper echelons of the nazi party it was opposed by many in the foreign ministry the army and the business community who held financial interests in the republic of china to which japan was hostile japanese writer shūmei ōkawa a key exponent of japanese nationalism on learning of german japanese negotiations italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with japan 27 italy had hoped that due to japan s long term close relations with britain that an italo japanese alliance could pressure britain into adopting a more accommodating stance towards italy in the mediterranean 27 in the summer of 1936 italian foreign minister galeazzo ciano informed japanese ambassador to italy sugimura yotaro i have heard that a japanese german agreement concerning the soviet union has been reached and i think it would be natural for a similar agreement to be made between italy and japan 27 initially japan s attitude towards italy s proposal was generally dismissive viewing a german japanese alliance against the soviet union as imperative while regarding an italo japanese alliance as secondary as japan anticipated that an italo japanese alliance would antagonize britain that had condemned italy s invasion of ethiopia 27 this attitude by japan towards italy altered in 1937 after the league of nations condemned japan for aggression in china and faced international isolation while italy remained favourable to japan 27 as a result of italy s support for japan against international condemnation japan took a more positive attitude towards italy and offered proposals for a non aggression or neutrality pact with italy 31 lt gen hiroshi ōshima japanese ambassador to germany before and during world war ii the tripartite pact was signed by germany italy and japan on 27 september 1940 in berlin the pact was subsequently joined by hungary 20 november 1940 romania 23 november 1940 slovakia 24 november 1940 and bulgaria 1 march 1941 32 ideology the axis powers primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors 33 it championed a number of variants on fascism militarism conservatism and autarky 34 creation of territorially contiguous autarkic empires was a common goal of all three major axis powers 6 economic resources the axis population in 1938 was 258 9 million while the allied population excluding the soviet union and the united states which later joined the allies was 689 7 million 35 thus the allied powers outnumbered the axis powers by 2 7 to 1 36 the leading axis states had the following domestic populations germany 75 5 million including 6 8 million from recently annexed austria japan 71 9 million excluding its colonies and italy 43 4 million excluding its colonies the united kingdom excluding its colonies had a population of 47 5 million and france excluding its colonies 42 million 35 the wartime gross domestic product gdp of the axis was 911 billion at its highest in 1941 in international dollars by 1990 prices 37 the gdp of the allied powers was 1 798 billion the united states stood at 1 094 billion more than the axis combined 38 the burden of the war upon participating countries has been measured through the percentage of gross national product gnp devoted to military expenditures 39 nearly one quarter of germany s gnp was committed to the war effort in 1939 and this rose to three quarters of gnp in 1944 prior to the collapse of the economy 39 in 1939 japan committed 22 percent of its gnp to its war effort in china this rose to three quarters of gnp in 1944 39 italy did not mobilize its economy its gnp committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels 39 italy and japan lacked industrial capacity their economies were small dependent on international trade external sources of fuel and other industrial resources 39 as a result italian and japanese mobilization remained low even by 1943 39 among the three major axis powers japan had the lowest per capita income while germany and italy had an income level comparable to the united kingdom 40 romania s oil gave the country a disproportionate importance in the global conflict in 1940 and 1941 romania supplied 94 and 75 of germany s oil imports respectively italy which lacked both natural and synthetic output was even more reliant on romanian oil than germany the loss of romania s oil following the country s defection from the axis in august 1944 resulted in hitler s first admission that the war was lost 41 major axis powers germany main articles nazi germany greater germanic reich and flensburg government german führer adolf hitler german heinkel he 111 bomber aircraft during the battle of britain german vehicles advancing during the second battle of el alamein in the north african campaign german soldiers during the battle of stalingrad in the eastern front campaign german submarine u 118 under air attack in june 1943 war justifications hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of world war ii as the fault of the intervention of western powers against germany during its war with poland describing it as the result of the european and american warmongers 42 hitler had designs for germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world such as his intention for germany s capital of berlin to become the welthauptstadt world capital renamed germania 43 the german government also justified its actions by claiming that germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that hitler described we are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources 44 thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum living space for the german nation and end the country s overpopulation within existing confined territory and provide resources necessary to its people s well being 44 since the 1920s the nazi party publicly promoted the expansion of germany into territories held by the soviet union 45 germany justified its war against poland on the issues of german minority within poland and polish opposition to the incorporation of the ethnically german majority free city of danzig into germany while hitler and the nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying poland and were hostile to poles after gaining power until february 1939 hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards poland and signed a 10 year non aggression pact in 1934 revealing his plans to only to his closest associates 46 relations between germany and poland altered from the early to the late 1930s as germany sought rapprochement with poland to avoid the risk of poland entering the soviet sphere of influence and appealed to anti soviet sentiment in poland 47 hitler even tried to convince poland to join the anti comintern pact 48 the soviet union in turn at this time competed with germany for influence in poland 47 at the same time germany was preparing for a war with poland and was secretly preparing the german minority in poland for a war 49 a diplomatic crisis erupted following hitler demanding that the free city of danzig be annexed to germany as it was led by a nazi government seeking annexation to germany germany used legal precedents to justify its intervention against poland and annexation of the free city of danzig led by a local nazi government that sought incorporation into germany in 1939 50 poland rejected germany s demands and germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 august 1939 51 germany justified its invasion of the low countries of belgium luxembourg and the netherlands in may 1940 by claiming that it suspected that britain and france were preparing to use the low countries to launch an invasion of the industrial ruhr region of germany 52 when war between germany versus britain and france appeared likely in may 1939 hitler declared that the netherlands and belgium would need to be occupied saying dutch and belgian air bases must be occupied declarations of neutrality must be ignored 52 in a conference with germany s military leaders on 23 november 1939 hitler declared to the military leaders that we have an achilles heel the ruhr and said that if england and france push through belgium and holland into the ruhr we shall be in the greatest danger and thus claimed that belgium and the netherlands had to be occupied by germany to protect germany from a british french offensive against the ruhr irrespective of their claims to neutrality 52 germany s invasion of the soviet union in 1941 involved issues of lebensraum anti communism and soviet foreign policy after germany invaded the soviet union in 1941 the nazi regime s stance towards an independent territorially reduced russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the german army on hitler to endorse a russian liberation army led by andrey vlasov 53 initially the proposal to support an anti communist russian army was met with outright rejection by hitler however by 1944 as germany faced mounting losses on the eastern front vlasov s forces were recognized by germany as an ally particularly by reichsführer ss heinrich himmler 54 after the japanese attack on pearl harbor and the outbreak of war between japan and the united states germany supported japan by declaring war on the us during the war germany denounced the atlantic charter and the lend lease act that the us adopted to support the allied powers prior to entry into the alliance as imperialism directed at dominating and exploiting countries outside of the continental americas 55 hitler denounced american president franklin d roosevelt s invoking of the term freedom to describe us actions in the war and accused the american meaning of freedom to be the freedom for democracy to exploit the world and the freedom for plutocrats within such democracy to exploit the masses 55 history at the end of world war i german citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the treaty of versailles which included a war guilt clause and forced germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by the german empire and all its colonies the pressure of the reparations on the german economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s in 1923 the french occupied the ruhr region when germany defaulted on its reparations payments although germany began to improve economically in the mid 1920s the great depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to germany s woes the nazis under hitler promoted the nationalist stab in the back legend stating that germany had been betrayed by jews and communists the party promised to rebuild germany as a major power and create a greater germany that would include alsace lorraine austria sudetenland and other german populated territories in europe the nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non german territories in poland the baltic states and the soviet union as part of the nazi policy of seeking lebensraum living space in central and eastern europe germany renounced the versailles treaty and remilitarized the rhineland in march 1936 germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a german air force the luftwaffe and naval force the kriegsmarine in 1935 germany annexed austria in 1938 the sudetenland from czechoslovakia and the memel territory from lithuania in 1939 germany then invaded the rest of czechoslovakia in 1939 creating the protectorate of bohemia and moravia and the country of slovakia on 23 august 1939 germany and the soviet union signed the molotov ribbentrop pact which contained a secret protocol dividing eastern europe into spheres of influence 56 germany s invasion of its part of poland under the pact eight days later 57 triggered the beginning of world war ii by the end of 1941 germany occupied a large part of europe and its military forces were fighting the soviet union nearly capturing moscow however crushing defeats at the battle of stalingrad and the battle of kursk devastated the german armed forces this combined with western allied landings in france and italy led to ...
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