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Text of the page (random words):
in an instructor clinic last year steve mcbride and i were explaining how current affects the ripples on the water and so we naturally transitioned into the affect of current wind on apparent wind we talked about wind against current and wind with current and started to move on naturally abby asked what happens to the wind and waves if there is cross current since we didn t want to get into trigonometry we parked that question but we never ended up getting back to it so at long last here is my answer although as usual with this blog i got carried away with it wind with current st arting from square one if you are standing still on a moving walkway at the airport inside where there is no true wind you still feel air hitting your face because the moving walkway is pulling you into the still air relative to you there is what we could call walkwa y wind this walkway wind comes in the opposite direction as your motion current can be thought of as a moving walk way or conveyor belt in this post i have called the wind felt due to current current wind and i will try never to use the word current to mean now just moving water in this situation the surface of the moving water only feels a very light three knot breeze and so it is likely to have very small ripples and so it would look lighter in colour like a calm patch when you sail you sail by the apparent wind so this really is a calm patch as far as your sail is concerned and if the whole course has the same constant current it is more than a calm patch it is a calm day in this case the current only really matters at the laylines of the marks and finish and at the starts avoid undershooting the windward mark and try sneaking in on people at the leeward mark because everyone will tend to leave too much room around the leeward mark at the start there is likely to be huge line sag take a transit because you can t sail straight upwind boats on starboard will tend to creep towards the port of the line as they try t o stay up near the line causing pile ups at the pin and openings at the boat end of the line wind against current next let s take the situation wher e the wind and current are going in opposite directions this time the water is being pulled up into the wind so the surface of the water feels extra wind and so it will be choppier as far as the water at the surface is concerned there really are 10 knots of wind so the water will be quite choppy without a reference point the only way that you may be able to distinguish current wind from true wind is that current especially a change in current often makes the water more turbulent which can make the water look particularly jagged and irregular we sometimes call it piranha water because in some cases it almost looks like piranhas are trying to poke up from the surface once you get used to looking at turbulent water you can often recognize current but just because you can t obviously tell that there is turbulence doesn t mean that there is no current if the current extends across the whole course evenly it doesn t affect strategy except once again at the laylines and starts at the windward mark it is a good plan to undershoot the windward layline at the gorge columbia gorge racing association at cascade locks oregon there is strong windward current because it is a large river in races and in training i have undershot the windward layline e xtremely in the three boat length circle but then just i could just go head to wind retain my rights and wait for the 3 kt or so current to pull me up to the mark if tacking would mean having to duck boats this way people can only pass me if they have drastically overshot the mark and can sail past my bow of course it would be faster to anticipate the current properly and hit the layline perfectly but usually everyone overshoots the mark by a lot and the gorge often hosts big regattas when there is strong windward current it is important to brush up on your rule 18 3 there are a lot of places to be gained at the leeward mark the danger is hitting the mark i have sailed almost completely past a mark in light wind with windward current only to have the back windward corner of my transom hit the mark as my boat was pulled sideways upwind at the start line it is important to be cautious in windward current my strategy is to get a good transit and the find a part of the line without much congestion when boats are close to each other they tend to get caught up with each other and get swept way over the line the gorge is my favorite example of windward current there is also sometimes upwind current in victoria and vancouver or west vancouver but it depends on the tide so it is less reliable and often not as strong as the gorge is literally a river flowing upwind while playing around with downspeed pre start maneuvers in windward current people often get excited when they realize that by lifting their dagger boards a certain amount they can get the drag of the wind on their flapping rig to perfectly cancel the upwind thrust of the current however with your rig forward on your boa t and your rudder aft on your boat this strategy will tend to pivot your bow off the wind until you are on a beam reach or below if you are all alone this might be okay but in a crowd it is a problem you are asking to be luffed as soon as you need to avoid someone and most people will be to leeward of you you need to drop your dagger board to maneuver properly and then you get sucked over the line the strategy that i have had more success with is to point straight head to wind and then try to avoid touching my boom and to avoid tacking at the gorge there is usually plenty of wind to push you astern so if you point your boat far enough upwind that your boom and so the drag of your sail flap inside the back corner of your boat and then if you angle your tiller straight or slightly to windward the drag on your sail causes you to drift straight backwards with attached flow on your dagger board and rudder what is more unless you touch your boom or pass head to wind you have right of way over most other boats you are on starboard and it would be hard to luff you since you are already pretty far head to wind if you accidentally tack you are subject to rule 13 and have to go back below close hauled and reset if you touch your boom then you are subject to rule 22 3 a boat moving astern or sideways to windward through the water by backing a sail shall keep clear of one that is not however if you are moving astern due simply to good clean drag of wind on your rig and you have not touched your boom even with your shoulder the jury tells me you retain your rights unfortunately that may be a hard one to explain to the person that you reverse into yes technically they hit you from clear astern while you were minding your own business but you better be able to prove that you didn t back your sail it is probably a good idea to warn them ahead of time watch out clear astern boat i haven t backed my sail the really cool thing about sitting on the line heat to wind moving backwards is that to start going again it is relatively easy you gently push the tiller away from you to reverse onto a t ight reach sheet in and hike it feels weird because the flow on your foils has to switch directions but it powers up quickly and unless someone is to leeward and bow out on you you have a g ood shot at a good acceleration cross current that was qui te a segue but at last we have arrived at the final scenario current flowing across the wind direction the angle of the resulting apparent wind depends on the relative strengths of the wind and the current 4 knots is pretty extreme but imagining it helps you recognize what happens on a smaller scale with less cross current also in spite of my best efforts i found that my 7 knot arrow is too short or my 4 knot arrow is too short but the a pparent wind angle doesn t look too far off 30 degrees this math behind the 8 1 knots comes from the pythagorean theorem based on the triangle drawn above the true wind and the current wind don t have to be perpendicular but if they aren t then you need even more trigonometry the angle calculation that gave us 29 7 degrees comes from the trigonometric function tangent arctangent is the inverse of tangent and it is just used to solve the equation bla bla bla that is math not sailing what does it mean for sailing again let s assume the cross current is constant thorough the course and moving from course right to course left as shown above this often comes up at west vancouver yacht club where the course is set up in deep fast moving water if they can get their marks to hold if the race committee ignores the current when setting the course then in the above cases with our 7 knots of true wind and 4 knots of cross current the course would look quite skewed to the sailors and to anyone else who is not anchored below i have made a slightly less extreme scenario with the apparent wind only skewed fifteen degrees left of the true wind even so a s the diagram shows with the current pushing left you would hardly be able to make the pin a good race committee would realign the start line to take this into account but this is tricky for them because sitting on the anchored race committee boat their wind instruments do not pick up the current wind however if the race committee squared the start line to the apparent wind by factoring in the current wind the current will not only be pushing along the line it will also be pushing up across the line which is dangerous for s tarting over early as we talked about below is a diagram of the course squared to the apparent wind notice the current s angle because you certainly will when you are trying to sit on the start line to d eal with this current direction i recommend taking transits and executing conservative starts there will most likely be several black flag starts and a pile up at the pin the next question is where is the windward mark in my diagrams i have the start lines square to the rhumb line but this is actually quite unlikely the race committee may or may not start with the start line square to the rhumb line but they will probably move it around once the fleet starts getting general recalls if the race committee set the course based on readings from an anchored boat in this current the windward mark will be skewed off to the right also the starboard layline moves away to windward and the port layline comes down to leeward on the upwind the boats will be pointing at about 4 0 degrees to the apparent wind as i have shown with the yellow boat in the above diagrams but their course made good through the water will be heavily skewed by the current you can imagine a boat sailing normally relative to the apparent wind but then it is also being pulled sideways by a conveyor belt while the marks are not in the above diagram there will end up being significantly more time spent on port than on starboard upwind so when in doubt you should be on port you might just want to tack onto starboard if there is a particularly nice right shift in fact even if the race committee squares the windward mark to the current induced apparent wind part of the current will be pushing everyone left and the laylines will still be affected but because you now have a component of windward current added into the bargain the laylines will come up sooner as you near the port layline being sucked left that is the one you will probably hit take a transit through the windward mark to see whether you are near being swept past the windward mark even though your bow points beneath it remember as always it is very risky to approach the windward mark on port within the three boat length circle the downwind leg will also be skewed even more so if they have tried to compensate for the skew on the upwin d and have nearly even upwind sailing time on port and starboard for the upwind leg since laser downwind angles are pretty deep you have to have thought out where you need to go before the downwind starts and to get a visual on the leeward mark if the race course was not set to the true wind rather than the apparent wind the mark will be farther to sailor s right than anticipated which is okay because you will be pushed right by the current anyway so don t start by pointing at the mark or else half way down the course you will have to be pointing back the other way if the course is set to the apparent wind then the leeward mark will look like it is in the right place off the bat but if you forget about it while jockeying for position and trying to go fast you will find that it has migrated sailor s left people forget that they are on the conveyor belt so they sail straight down wind when they really want to by the lee or broad reaching slightly into the current so that their course made good is towards the mark again if there is a transit available sighting through the leeward mark can help you keep track of whether or you are tracking towards the mark or slipping sideways below i have drawn out the diagrams for cross current coming from course left to course right with the situation that the race committee has set the course either to the true wind or to the apparent wind in this case you would be able to lay the mark from the barge maybe even from the pin with the current except that you won t be able to star the race because everyone will be crowding the barge and actually being pushed up into it the poor race committee will almost certainly shift the course more like the diagram below however keep in mind that cross current is often fairly weak imagine the diagram with half as much left to right cross current if it is a relatively small fleet and the race committee is good at identifying boats over the line it could well be sailed watch out for the barge when starting think about the laylines and try very hard not to hit the leeward mark this looks like a much more reasonable course but still be careful about getting sucked up into the race committee boat and being pushed over the line by the current as well as hitting the marks the leeward mark would be easy to accidentally hit as i said before but i should also mention the windward mark u nless you make a point of sailing past it before bearing off you could easily hit the mark with the back of the boat as you exit the mark when there is cross current from either direction it would take too long and may be overly confusing to talk about all of the other permutations and combinations of scenarios where current is strong enough relative to the true wind for it to be significant but i encourage you to get out some props toy boats arrows maybe a sheet of paper that you can pull with the boats on it but not the marks to simulate current also if you have a favorite scenario particularly if it is common at a major event you have been to let me know and i could make another post about it playing through the scenarios at the cr...
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