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aesculus wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 description toggle description subsection 1 1 similar species 2 taxonomy toggle taxonomy subsection 2 1 species 2 2 etymology 3 distribution and habitat 4 cultivation 5 uses 6 in culture 7 see also 8 references toggle references subsection 8 1 explanatory notes 8 2 citations 9 external links toggle the table of contents aesculus 52 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca беларуская български català cebuano čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français nordfriisk gaeilge hrvatski hornjoserbsce magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 latina lëtzebuergesch lietuvių македонски nederlands norsk bokmål occitan ирон polski português runa simi русский slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் türkçe українська tiếng việt winaray 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia genus of flowering plants not to be confused with the ancient greek playwright aeschylus horse chestnut redirects here for other uses see horse chestnut disambiguation red chestnut redirects here for the moth with this name see cerastis rubricosa aesculus aesculus hippocastanum in germany scientific classification kingdom plantae clade tracheophytes clade angiosperms clade eudicots clade rosids order sapindales family sapindaceae subfamily hippocastanoideae genus aesculus l type species aesculus hippocastanum l species aesculus assamica syn a wangii aesculus californica aesculus chinensis aesculus flava syn a octandra aesculus glabra aesculus hippocastanum aesculus indica aesculus parryi aesculus parviflora aesculus pavia aesculus sylvatica aesculus turbinata aesculus bushii aesculus carnea aesculus hybrida aesculus marylandica aesculus mutabilis aesculus neglecta aesculus woerlitzensis the genus aesculus ˈ aɪ s k j ʊ l ə s citation needed is a genus of about 12 species of flowering plants in the family sapindaceae they are trees and shrubs mostly native to the temperate northern hemisphere the european and asian species are known as horse chestnut or horse chestnut and the north american species as buckeye description edit aesculus species are shrubs or trees growing to 4 35 metres 13 115 feet tall they have stout shoots with resinous often sticky buds with opposite palmately divided deciduous leaves these are often very large to 65 centimetres 26 inches across in the japanese horse chestnut a turbinata the flowers are showy insect or bird pollinated with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube arranged in a panicle inflorescence flowering is in spring or summer from february rarely january in a assamica to july rarely august in a indica and a parviflora some species may have a small second flowering in autumn the fruit matures to a capsule 2 5 cm 1 2 in diameter usually globose containing one to three seeds often erroneously called a nut per capsule capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds the point of attachment of the seed in the capsule hilum shows as a large circular whitish scar the capsule epidermis has spines botanically prickles in some species while in others the capsules are warty or smooth at maturity the capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds 1 2 3 germinating seed still in partial shell taking root aesculus glabra ohio buckeye leaf bud similar species edit the fruit of the mexican buckeye resemble aesculus fruit but belong to a related though different genus ungnadia the common name horse chestnut invites confusion with the chestnuts in the genus castanea in the order fagales the name is often hyphenated as horse chestnut to minimise this confusion taxonomy edit the horse chestnut a hippocastanum was unknown to botanical science until 1596 when the dutch botanist carolus clusius was given foliage and flowers in vienna it was then introduced further west with the first plants reaching france in 1603 and britain between 1612 1615 4 carl linnaeus named the genus aesculus after the roman name for an edible acorn the genus was considered to be in the ditypic family hippocastanaceae along with billia 5 but phylogenetic analyses of morphological 6 and molecular data 7 have more recently caused this family along with the aceraceae maples and dipteronia to be included in the soapberry family sapindaceae species edit as of 2025 plants of the world online accepts 12 species with seven species native to north america four native to asia and one native to europe 8 some other authors have accepted more species hardin 1957 1960 accepted 13 species 1 2 3 the trees and shrubs online website cites 13 15 species with descriptions given for 14 species 9 and harris et al 2009 accepted 16 species 10 six natural hybrids occur 8 and several others have been raised in cultivation image scientific name common name distribution notes aesculus assamica assam horse chestnut southeastern asia from northeast india sikkim eastward to southern china guangxi and northern vietnam syn a wangii aesculus californica california buckeye western north america in california aesculus chinensis chinese horse chestnut eastern asia two varieties often distinguished var chinensis and var wilsonii aesculus flava yellow buckeye eastern north america syn a octandra aesculus glabra ohio buckeye eastern north america two varieties var arguta and var glabra aesculus hippocastanum common horse chestnut southeastern europe in albania northwestern greece and northern bulgaria aesculus indica indian horse chestnut southern asia in the western himalaya in northeastern afghanistan northern pakistan northwestern india and western nepal aesculus parryi parry s buckeye western north america endemic to mexico in baja california del norte aesculus parviflora bottlebrush buckeye southeastern north america aesculus pavia red buckeye southeastern north america two varieties var flavescens and var pavia aesculus sylvatica painted buckeye southeastern north america aesculus turbinata japanese horse chestnut japan etymology edit aesculus derives from the latin esca nourishment 11 distribution and habitat edit aesculus is mostly native to the temperate northern hemisphere but one species a assamica into subtropical areas of southeast asia citation needed the genus exhibits a classical arcto tertiary distribution a cultivation edit flowers of aesculus carnea red horse chestnut the most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the common horse chestnut aesculus hippocastanum the yellow buckeye aesculus flava syn a octandra is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers but is less widely planted among the smaller species is the bottlebrush buckeye a parviflora a flowering shrub several other members of the genus are used as ornamental plants and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed most notably the red horse chestnut aesculus carnea a hybrid between a hippocastanum and a pavia uses edit aesculus seeds were traditionally eaten after leaching by the jōmon people of japan over about four millennia until 300 ad 13 14 15 all parts of the trees are moderately toxic but the attractive nut like seeds are the most likely part to cause poisoning 16 17 the toxin affects the gastrointestinal system causing gastrointestinal disturbances the united states department of agriculture notes that the toxicity is due to the saponin aescin and the glucoside aesculin with alkaloids possibly contributing 18 in north america several native american tribes particularly in the western and central us such as miwok pomo yokut maidu historically used buckeye seeds like california buckeye to harvest fish by using the saponins which had been extracted by the plant s seeds these tribes would crush buckeye seeds to release saponins into streams or shallow water where the compounds would stun or kill the fish allowing for easier capture 18 19 they then boiled and drained leached the fish at least three times to dilute the toxin s effects 20 new shoots from the seeds also have been known to kill grazing cattle 21 in britain the fruit are often called conkers because of their link to the game of conkers played with the seeds in culture edit growing at the base of the eiffel tower in paris in geneva switzerland an official chestnut tree is used to indicate the beginning of spring every year since 1818 the tree is observed by the secretary of the grand council of geneva the local parliament and the opening of the first leaf is recorded and announced publicly over the years four different horse chestnut trees have been used for these recordings during his 1840 us presidential campaign candidate william henry harrison called himself the log cabin and hard cider candidate portraying himself sitting in a log cabin made of buckeye logs and drinking hard cider causing ohio to become known as the buckeye state 22 the leaf of aesculus was the official symbol of kyiv on its coat of arms used from 1969 to 1995 23 it remains an official symbol of kyiv 23 see also edit anne frank tree references edit explanatory notes edit this designation has as a part of it a term tertiary that is now discouraged as a formal geochronological unit by the international commission on stratigraphy 12 citations edit 1 2 hardin jw 1957 a revision of the american hippocastanaceae i brittonia 9 145 171 1 2 hardin jw 1957 a revision of the american hippocastanaceae ii brittonia 9 173 195 1 2 hardin jw 1960 a revision of the american hippocastanaceae iii species of the old world brittonia 12 26 38 mitchell alan f 1996 horse chestnut alan mitchell s trees of britain whitman publishing distribution company pp 193 196 isbn 0 00 219972 6 hardin jw 1957 a revision of the american hippocastanaceae i brittonia 9 145 171 judd w s sanders r w donoghue m j 1994 angiosperm family pairs harvard papers in botany 1 1 51 harrington mark g edwards karen j johnson sheila a chase mark w gadek paul a apr jun 2005 phylogenetic inference in sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matk and rbcl dna sequences systematic botany 30 2 366 382 doi 10 1600 0363644054223549 jstor 25064067 s2cid 85868684 1 2 aesculus l plants of the world online 2022 04 27 retrieved 2025 12 16 aesculus l trees and shrubs online 2025 12 15 retrieved 2025 12 16 harris aj xiang qiu yun jenny thomas david t 2009 phylogeny origin and biogeographic history of aesculus l sapindales an update from combined analysis of dna sequences morphology and fossils taxon 58 1 108 126 doi 10 1002 tax 581012 issn 0040 0262 retrieved 2025 12 16 keeler harriet l 1902 our native trees and how to identify them a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities new york charles scribner s sons p 50 ogg j g gradstein f m gradstein f m 2004 a geologic time scale 2004 cambridge uk cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 78142 8 harlan jack r 1995 the living fields our agricultural heritage 1 publ ed cambridge u a cambridge univ press p 15 isbn 978 0 521 40112 8 akazawa t aikens c m 1986 prehistoric hunter gathers in japan university of tokyo press aikens c m higachi t 1982 prehistory of japan new york academic press hall alan 1976 the wild food trail guide second ed new york holt rhinehart and winston p 214 peterson lee 1977 a field guide to edible wild plants of eastern and central north america boston houghton mifflin co p 172 1 2 nelson guy 2006 ohio buckeye aesculus glabra willd plant guide washington d c us department of agriculture natural resources conservation service dale thomas r scogin dixie b 1988 100 woody plants of louisiana monroe louisiana the herbarium of northeast louisiana university p 118 fishing with poisons guide to poisonous plants carnival campaign how the rollicking 1840 campaign of tippecanoe and tyler too changed presidential elections forever by ronald shafer 2016 1 2 thujoy khreshchatyk why kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital ukrayinska pravda 29 may 2019 in ukrainian external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to aesculus germplasm resources information network aesculus forest f drouin j n charest r brouillet l bruneau a 2001 a morphological phylogenetic analysis of aesculus l and billia peyr sapindaceae can j bot 79 2 154 169 doi 10 1139 b00 146 aesculus glabra ohio buckeye king s american dispensatory winter id pictures taxon identifiers aesculus wikidata q158752 wikispecies aesculus apni 169114 biolib 3591 bold 102148 col ptb eol 37286 eppo 1aecg fna 100706 foc 100706 gbif old 3189801 grin 245 inaturalist 53350 ipni 36263 1 irmng 1271392 itis 28714 nbn nhmsys0000455624 ncbi 43363 nzor 51761f47 1c5e 453b 8af7 72a4d0359285 open tree of life 404234 paleobiology database 52908 pfaf aesculus spp plants aescu powo urn lsid ipni org names 36263 1 tropicos 40033594 vascan 783 wfo wfo 4000000812 authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title aesculus oldid 1375672626 categories aesculus sapindaceae genera botanical taxa named by carl linnaeus hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with species microformats all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from june 2026 pages using gallery without a media namespace prefix articles with unsourced statements from september 2026 articles with ukrainian language sources uk commons category link from wikidata taxonbars with 25 29 taxon ids this page was last edited on 19 september 2026 at 07 24 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents aesculus 52 languages add topic
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