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differential pulse code modulation wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 predictive quantizing 2 method 1 difference between consecutive quantized samples 3 method 2 analysis by synthesis 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents differential pulse code modulation 13 languages العربية català deutsch español euskara עברית 日本語 한국어 nederlands polski русский українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia signal encoder this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources differential pulse code modulation news newspapers books scholar jstor november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message differential pulse code modulation dpcm encodes changes between consecutive samples of a signal rather than the signal s value directly as done in pulse code modulation decoding might thus be done by some manner of integrating dpcm samples over time the input can be an analog signal or a digital signal if the input is a continuous time analog signal it needs to be sampled to become a discrete time signal two methods to encode each dpcm value are method 1 first quantize the samples if not quantized already the output is the difference between the current and previous sample method 2 quantize the difference between the current sample and the output of a local decoder applying one of these two methods short term redundancy positive correlation of nearby values of the signal is eliminated compression ratios on the order of 2 to 4 can be achieved if differences are subsequently entropy coded because the entropy of the difference signal is much smaller than that of the original discrete signal treated as independent samples but removing this redundancy makes the encoded signal more fragile 1 history edit delta modulation was introduced earlier than and can be considered a special case of dpcm as it also uses a similar feedback principle 1 dpcm was invented by c chapin cutler at bell labs in 1950 in addition to a method that encodes the signal s derivative cutler also describes a method that encodes the second derivative which reconstructs the signal using a double integral and a method that encodes the third derivative of the signal which reconstructs the signal using a triple integral 2 predictive quantizing edit cutler s methods also are considered a specific case of the more general concept of predictive quantizing systems a term sometimes used interchangeably with dpcm a bell labs article by j b o neal jr says a predictive communications system is one in which the difference between the actual signal and an estimate of the signal based on its past is transmitted both the transmitter and the receiver make an estimate or prediction of the signal s value based on the previously transmitted signal the transmitter subtracts this prediction from the true value of the signal and transmits this difference the receiver adds this prediction to the received difference signal yielding the true signal 1 method 1 difference between consecutive quantized samples edit the encoder performs the function of differentiation a quantizer precedes the differencing of adjacent quantized samples the decoder is an accumulator which if correctly initialized exactly recovers the quantized signal method 2 analysis by synthesis edit the incorporation of the decoder inside the encoder allows quantization of the differences including nonlinear quantization in the encoder as long as an approximate inverse quantizer is used appropriately in the receiver quantization error from previous samples is accumulated via the integration so subsequent quantizations compensate partly for prior accumulated quantization errors when the quantizer is uniform the decoder regenerates the differences implicitly as in this simple diagram that cutler showed see also edit adaptive differential pulse code modulation delta modulation a special case of dpcm where the differences e q n are represented with 1 bit as δ pulse modulation methods delta sigma modulation references edit 1 2 3 o neal j b 1965 12 27 predictive quantizing systems differential pulse code modulation for the transmission of television signals the bell system technical journal 45 5 689 721 doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1966 tb01052 x issn 0005 8580 u s patent 2605361 c chapin cutler differential quantization of communication signals filed june 29 1950 issued july 29 1952 v t e data compression methods lossless type entropy adaptive coding arithmetic asymmetric numeral systems golomb huffman adaptive canonical modified range shannon shannon fano shannon fano elias tunstall unary universal exp golomb fibonacci gamma levenshtein dictionary byte pair encoding lempel ziv 842 lz4 lzjb lzo lzrw lzss lzw lzwl snappy other bwt ctw cm delta incremental dmc dpcm grammar re pair sequitur ldct mtf paq ppm rle hybrid lz77 huffman deflate lzx lzs lz77 ans lzfse lz77 huffman ans zstandard lz77 huffman context brotli lzss huffman lha lzh lz77 range lzma lzham rle bwt mtf huffman bzip2 lossy type transform discrete cosine transform dct mdct dst fft wavelet daubechies dwt spiht predictive dpcm adpcm lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc motion compensation estimation vector psychoacoustic audio concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr companding convolution dynamic range latency nyquist shannon theorem sampling silence compression sound quality speech coding sub band coding codec parts a law μ law dpcm adpcm dm ft fft lpc acelp celp lar lsp wlpc mdct psychoacoustic model image concepts chroma subsampling coding tree unit color space compression artifact image resolution macroblock pixel psnr quantization standard test image texture compression methods chain code dct deflate fractal klt lp rle wavelet daubechies dwt ezw spiht video concepts bit rate abr cbr vbr display resolution frame frame rate frame types interlace video characteristics video quality codec parts dct dpcm deblocking filter lapped transform motion compensation estimation vector wavelet daubechies dwt theory compressed data structures compressed suffix array fm index entropy information theory timeline kolmogorov complexity prefix code quantization rate distortion redundancy symmetry smallest grammar problem community hutter prize people mark adler david a huffman phil katz retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title differential_pulse code_modulation oldid 1322620448 categories telephony signals data compression hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing additional references from november 2025 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 17 november 2025 at 06 03 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the 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