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oi and data that show the history of their breeding 2 according to zen nippon airinkai a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in japan there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding and each variety is classified into 16 groups 43 koi varieties are distinguished by coloration patterning and scalation some of the major colors are white black red yellow blue and cream metallic shades of gold and platinum in the scales have also been developed through selective breeding although the possible colors are virtually limitless breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories the most notable category is gosanke 御三家 which is made up of the kōhaku taishō sanshoku and shōwa sanshoku varieties new koi varieties are still being actively developed 44 ghost koi developed in the 1980s have become very popular in the united kingdom they are a hybrid of wild carp and ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales butterfly koi also known as longfin koi or dragon carp also developed in the 1980s are notable for their long and flowing fins they are hybrids of koi with asian carp butterfly koi 45 and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true nishikigoi 46 the major named varieties include 43 kōhaku 紅白 is a white skinned koi with large red markings on the top the name means red and white kōhaku was one of the first ornamental varieties to be established in japan late 19th century 47 taishō sanshoku or taishō sanke 大正三色 is very similar to the kōhaku except for the addition of small black markings called sumi 墨 this variety was first exhibited in 1914 by the koi breeder gonzo hiroi during the reign of the taishō emperor citation needed in the united states the name is often abbreviated to just sanke the kanji 三色 may be read as either sanshoku or as sanke from its earlier name 三毛 shōwa sanshoku or shōwa sanke 昭和三色 is a black koi with red hi 緋 and white shiroji 白地 markings the first shōwa sanke was exhibited in 1927 during the reign of the shōwa emperor in america the name is often abbreviated to just shōwa the amount of shiroji on shōwa sanke has increased in modern times kindai shōwa 近代昭和 to the point that it can be difficult to distinguish from taishō sanke the kanji 三色 may be read as either sanshoku or as sanke bekkō 鼈甲 べっ甲 is a white red or yellow skinned koi with black markings sumi 墨 the japanese name means tortoise shell and is commonly written as 鼈甲 the white red and yellow varieties are called shiro bekkō 白鼈甲 aka bekkō 赤鼈甲 and ki bekkō 黄鼈甲 respectively it may be confused with the utsuri utsurimono 写り物 is a black koi with white red or yellow markings in a zebra color pattern the oldest attested form is the yellow form called black and yellow markings 黒黄斑 kuro ki madara in the 19th century but renamed ki utsuri 黄写り by elizaburo hoshino an early 20th century koi breeder the red and white versions are called hi utsuri 緋写り and shiro utsuri 白写り piebald color morph respectively the word utsuri means to print the black markings are reminiscent of ink stains genetically it is the same as shōwa but lacking either red pigment shiro utsuri or white pigment hi utsuri ki utsuri asagi 浅黄 koi is light blue above and usually red below but also occasionally pale yellow or cream generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks the japanese name means pale greenish blue spring onion color or indigo shūsui 秋翠 means autumn green the shūsui was created in 1910 by yoshigoro akiyama 秋山 吉五郎 by crossing japanese asagi with german mirror carp citation needed the fish has no scales except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally extending from head to tail the most common type of shūsui has a pale sky blue gray color above the lateral line and red or orange and very very rarely bright yellow below the lateral line and on the cheeks koromo 衣 is a white fish with a kōhaku style pattern with blue or black edged scales only over the hi pattern this variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a kōhaku and an asagi citation needed the most commonly encountered koromo is an ai goromo 藍衣 which is colored like a kōhaku except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it less common is the budō goromo 葡萄衣 which has a darker burgundy hi overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes very rarely seen is the sumi goromo 墨衣 which is similar to budō goromo but the hi pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black kawarimono 変わり物 is a catch all term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories this is a competition category and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category it is also known as kawarigoi 変わり鯉 citation needed goshiki 五色 is a dark koi with red kōhaku style hi pattern the japanese name means five colors it appears similar to an asagi with little or no hi below the lateral line and a kōhaku hi pattern over reticulated fishnet pattern scales the base color can range from nearly black to very pale sky blue hikari mujiimono 光無地もの is a variety of which the whole body is one color and the body is shiny and it is called differently depending on the color hikari moyomono 光模樣もの is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors hikari utsurimono 光写りもの is a cross between utsurimono series and ōgon kinginrin 金銀鱗 is a koi with metallic glittering metal flake appearing scales the name translates into english as gold and silver scales it is often abbreviated to ginrin ginrin versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur and they are fashionable their sparkling glittering scales contrast to the smooth even metallic skin and scales seen in the ogon varieties recently these characteristics have been combined to create the new ginrin ogon varieties tanchō 丹頂 is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head the fish may be a tanchō shōwa tanchō sanke or even tanchō goshiki it is named for the japanese red crowned crane grus japonensis which also has a red spot on its head chagoi 茶鯉 tea colored this koi can range in color from pale olive drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently darker subdued orange shades famous for its docile friendly personality and large size it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers ōgon 黄金 is a metallic koi of one color only hikarimono 光者 the most commonly encountered colors are gold platinum and orange cream specimens are very rare ogon compete in the kawarimono category and the japanese name means gold the variety was created by sawata aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921 kumonryū 九紋竜 literally nine tattooed dragons is a black doitsu scaled fish with curling white markings the patterns are thought to be reminiscent of japanese ink paintings of dragons they famously change color with the seasons 48 kumonryu compete in the kawarimono category ochiba 落葉 is a light blue gray koi with copper bronze or yellow kohaku style pattern reminiscent of autumn leaves on water the japanese name means fallen leaves kikokuryū 輝黒竜 literally sparkle or glitter black dragon is a metallic skinned version of the kumonryu kin kikokuryū 金輝黒竜 literally gold sparkle black dragon or gold glitter black dragon is a metallic skinned version of the kumonryu with a kōhaku style hi pattern developed by mr seiki igarashi of ojiya city at least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen ghost koi 人面魚 じんめんぎょ a hybrid of ogon and wild carp with metallic scales is considered by some to be not nishikigoi butterfly koi 鰭長錦鯉 ひれながにしきごい is a hybrid of koi and asian carp with long flowing fins various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross it also is considered by some to not be nishikigoi doitsu goi ドイツ鯉 originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with scaleless german carp generally fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin also written as 独逸鯉 four main types of doitsu scale patterns exist the most common type referred to above has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin along both sides of the fin the second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire length of the fish along both sides the third type is the same as the second with the addition of a line of often quite large scales running along the lateral line along the side of the fish also referred to as mirror koi the fourth and rarest type is referred to as armor koi and is completely or nearly covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor it also is called kagami goi 鏡鯉 カガミゴイ or mirror carp ミラーカープ kōhaku tanchō sanke shōwa sanke asagi bekkō gin rin shōwa differences from goldfish edit koi have prominent barbels on the lip that are not visible in goldfish goldfish carassius auratus were developed in china more than a thousand years ago by selectively breeding colored varieties by the song dynasty 960 1279 yellow orange white and red and white colorations had been developed goldfish were introduced to japan in the 16th century and to europe in the 17th century 49 on the other hand most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from amur carp cyprinus rubrofuscus bred in japan in the first half of the 19th century koi are domesticated amur carp that are selected or culled for color they are not a different species and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely some goldfish varieties such as the common goldfish comet goldfish and shubunkin have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature 50 goldfish and koi can interbreed however as they were developed from different species of carp their offspring are sterile 51 52 health maintenance and longevity edit koi in yu garden shanghai the amur carp is a hardy fish and koi retain that durability koi are coldwater fish but benefit from being kept in the 15 25 c 59 77 f range and do not react well to long cold winter temperatures their immune systems are very weak below 10 c 50 f koi ponds usually have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer whereas in areas that have harsher winters ponds generally have a minimum of 1 5 m 5 ft specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show quality koi the bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators a white skinned kōhaku is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond herons kingfishers otters raccoons skunk mink cats foxes and badgers are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them 48 a well designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers by it may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface a pond usually includes a pump and a filtration system to keep the water clear koi are an omnivorous fish they eat a wide variety of foods including peas lettuce and watermelon koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface when they are eating koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers naturally koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times they can be trained to take food from one s hand 53 in the winter their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt and they eat very little perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 c 50 f 54 55 care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation ph stabilization and off gassing occur over the winter in small ponds their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100 200 years 56 one famous scarlet koi named hanako was owned by several individuals the last of whom was komei koshihara in july 1974 a study of the growth rings of one of the koi s scales reported that hanako was 226 years old 57 some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years 58 59 transport and acclimatisation edit a newly arrived koi is acclimatised by floating its transport container in the holding vat until the water temperatures equalise koi are moved in oxygen filled plastic bags or sealed containers fish are usually fasted for a few days beforehand so that less ammonia accumulates in the transport water on arrival the fish are acclimatised the bag or container is floated in the pond or quarantine tank until the water temperatures equalise after which pond water is added gradually to bridge differences in ph and hardness the transport water itself is discarded rather than added to the pond new koi are then normally quarantined for several weeks to avoid introducing diseases such as koi herpes virus disease edit koi are very hardy with proper care they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species such as trichodina epistylis and ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the koi herpes virus khv 60 and rhabdovirus carpio which causes spring viraemia of carp svc no treatment is known for either disease some koi farms in israel use the kv3 vaccine developed by m kotler from the hebrew university of jerusalem and produced by kovax to immunise fish against khv israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the khv the vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old and is accentuated by using an ultraviolet light the vaccine has a 90 success rate 61 and when immunized the fish cannot succumb to a khv outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass khv onto other fish in a pond 62 only biosecurity measures such as prompt detection isolation and disinfection of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock in 2002 spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in kernersville north carolina and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period for a while after this some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks 63 64 breeding edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message feeding of a large school when koi naturally breed on their own they tend to 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