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Text of the page (random words):
ary verb avé to have 3 3 the first conjugation saltà to jump 3 4 the second conjugation vidé to see 3 5 the third conjugation dèrvi to open 3 6 the fourth conjugation sentì to hear 4 i legnanesi 5 see also 6 notes 7 references 8 bibliography toggle the table of contents legnanese dialect 3 languages français italiano lombard edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia lombard dialect spoken in legnano legnanese legnanés native to italy region lombardy native speakers about 30 percent of the population of the area in which it is spread 2006 figure 1 language family indo european romance western romance gallo romance gallo italic lombard western lombard legnanese language codes iso 639 3 lmo legnanese dialect note 1 native name legnanés ipa leɲaˈneːs is a dialect of the lombard language belonging to the western branch that is spoken around legnano a municipality in the metropolitan city of milan lombardy it is spoken by about 30 percent of the population of the area in which it is spread 1 legnano starting in the 11th century began to bond with milan the village of legnano represented for those coming from the north the gateway to the milanese countryside and thus had an important strategic function for the city of milan the link between legnano and milan also influenced the legnano vernacular which began to differentiate itself from the neighboring bustocco dialect due to the frequent contacts between the two cities the milanese dialect began to contaminate the dialect spoken in legnano despite this trend the legnano dialect continued to preserve over the centuries a considerable difference from the milanese dialect an important distinctive phonetic trait that is present in legnanese and neighboring bustocco and that differentiates these dialects from the idioms of contiguous isoglosses is the preservation of unaccented final vowels however due to the contamination of the milanese dialect the legnano vernacular unlike the bustocco dialect does not preserve the final atonal vowel for many words another feature that differentiates the legnano dialect from the bustocco dialect concerns the intervocalic r in the legnanese vernacular it has been preserved while in the bustocco vernacular it has been eliminated the plays of the italian dialect theater company i legnanesi are written in the legnanese dialect history edit roman findings 2nd century a d excavated between 1957 and 1960 at casina pace in legnano they consist of clay pots small cups oil lamps coins razors and jars and are kept in the guido sutermeister civic museum in legnano the oldest linguistic substratum that has left a trace in legnanese and of which there are some records is that of the ancient ligurians 2 3 however the information available for this idiom is very vague and extremely limited 2 3 the picture that can be drawn for the populations that replaced the ligurians the celts or gauls is quite different 4 the linguistic influence of the celts on the local language was striking so much so that even today the dialect of legnano is classified as gallo roman 2 however it was the roman domination which replaced the celtic one that shaped the local language spoken in legnano so much so that the lexicon and the grammar of this language are of romance derivation 4 however the influence of the latin language in the dominated territories was not homogeneous 2 the idioms spoken in the different areas were in fact influenced by the earlier linguistic substrata 2 each area was characterized by a greater or lesser characterization towards ancient ligurian or celtic languages and legnanese was no exception 2 however data on the real influence of these two substrates on the various dialects are very scarce and of different interpretation 5 this has given rise to a debate among linguists that has led to great caution in attributing a given phonetic feature of the legnanese dialect to the ligurian or celtic substratum 5 route of the via severiana augusta an ancient roman road that was also used in the middle ages and the following centuries the birth of modern italian dialects can be traced back to the situation after the fall of the western roman empire 6 the local population suffered an administrative economic demographic and cultural regression that led to the formation of small communities isolated from each other 6 because of the isolation suffered by these groups the language spoken evolved into different variants that were characteristic of the community that used them 6 the linguistic boundaries of these dialects were then defined in later centuries with the establishment of parishes 6 these parishes were in fact the reference point of a particular community which gathered around them to discuss and solve everyday problems 6 note 2 as a result each parish had its own isogloss whose linguistic boundaries have survived with minor modifications until the 21st century 7 legnano from the 11th century began to connect with milan 8 the town of legnano in fact represented an easy access to the milanese countryside for those coming from the north since it was located at the outlet of the olona valley which ends in castellanza 9 such a gateway therefore had to be closed and strongly defended to prevent an attack on milan which was also facilitated by the presence of an important road that had existed since roman times the via severiana augusta which connected mediolanum modern milan with the verbannus lacus lake verbano i e lake maggiore 10 its route was later taken over by napoleon bonaparte to build the simplon highway 11 milan s relationship with legnano was not only military but also economic milan was supplied with part of the food produced by legnano and the other contadi that surrounded the milanese capital 12 from the middle ages an increasing number of milanese noble families began to stay in legnano at various times of the year and to purchase properties in the town 13 14 this role aggravated the friction with busto arsizio which instead continued to be linked to seprio 8 the link between legnano and milan and the presence of milanese noble families also influenced the legnano dialect which began to differentiate itself from the busto dialect 8 due to the frequent contacts between the two cities the milanese dialect began to contaminate the language spoken in legnano 8 in spite of this trend however the legnano dialect continued over the centuries to preserve a remarkable diversity from the milanese dialect 15 this contamination continued until the 19th century when it accelerated the process was so rapid that in the same century slight differences were created even between the vernaculars spoken by contiguous generations 16 this process of contamination of the milanese language was later joined by that of the italian language 16 the milanese dialect also played an important role in legnano for another reason this time a social one until the beginning of the 20th century two dialects were in use in legnano the lower classes used the dialect of legnano proper while the wealthier citizens spoke the milanese vernacular 17 already in the middle ages it was common for some milanese noble families to stay in legnano at different times of the year which helped to accentuate this tendency 14 between the 18th and 19th centuries the legnano dialect like all lombard idioms lost the remote past tense note 3 which was replaced by the perfect tense 18 features edit phonetics edit the river olona downstream from the castle of legnano this waterway is called urona in the legnano dialect while in the bustocco dialect it is called uona an important phonetic feature present in the legnano and bustocco dialects and which distinguishes these dialects from the idioms of the adjacent isoglosses is the preservation of unaccented final vowels 19 specifically the phenomenon of their elision with the exception of a began around the 9th century in france piedmont emilia romagna and lombardy that is in areas once dominated by the celts 19 note 4 for example in the milanese dialect one says temp time oeucc eye and oreggia ear while in legnano the terms used to express the same concepts are tempu ögiu and urégia 19 the same preservation of atonal vowels is also found in the dialects of galliate and borgomanero 17 this rule has also been applied to relatively recent words for example cassetto drawer which entered the vocabulary in the 15th century is written as cassett in the milanese dialect while in legnano it is written as casétu 17 however due to the contamination of the milanese dialect the legnano dialect does not preserve the final atonal vowel for many words 8 for example in busto arsizio one says düu hard and udùi smell while in legnano the same concepts are expressed with dür and udùr 8 another important difference between the legnanese and bustocco dialects concerns the intervocalic r 20 in the legnanese dialect it has been preserved while in the bustocco dialect it has been eliminated 20 in fact in busto arsizio one says candìa uona and sia to refer to candle olona and evening while in legnano one uses the terms candìra urona and sira 20 this peculiarity which distinguishes the legnano dialect from the bustocco dialect is also borrowed from the milanese dialect 20 the fall of the intervocalic r is also subject to changes in many french dialects 21 an example of a comparative table between the milanese legnanese and bustocco dialects is as follows english milanese legnanese bustocco roof tècc téciu ticiu hard dur dür düu smell odor udùr udùi on one s person addoss adós adósu arm brasc brasc brasciu egg oeuv ö öu olona ulona urona uòna lexicon edit view of the historic cantoni cotton mill factory in 1920 the people of legnano coined the dialectal neologism cantunificiu for this factory the legnano dialect was characterized by a peculiar lexicon that was gradually impoverished over the centuries due to the standardization of the legnano dialect into milanese and later into italian 22 once the specific term in the legnano dialect to refer to the rainbow was rasciùm later the legnanese began to use the word arcubalén to express the same concept 23 another example is ragiù which in the legnanese dialect means head of the family the local association famiglia legnanese still uses this term in the 21st century to define the office corresponding to the representative head of the association 24 the busto dialect is no less diverse in busto arsizio for example there are five words to define fog nébia caligiu brögia scighéa and luèsa 24 in past centuries the term used to refer to legnano was also different the less wealthy population who used the actual legnanese dialect called their town lìgnan while the wealthier classes who spoke the milanese dialect called their town legnàn 25 by the beginning of the 20th century however the first word had become obsolete 26 other archaic words of the legnanese dialect that have disappeared are ardìa iron wire later the people of legnano began to use the term fil da fèr 27 bagàtu shoemaker later the term sciavatìn came into use 28 buarùm mud made by melting snow later the generic word palta meaning mud came into use 29 instravilà to put on the right track 30 and insurmentì to fall asleep later the people of legnano began to use the term indurmentàs 30 like all languages the dialect of legnano has been enriched with neologisms even in relatively recent times an example is cantunificiu which is the legnanese word for the cantoni cotton mill 31 verbs edit the legnanese dialect unlike italian has four verb conjugations 32 the auxiliary verb vès to be edit present indicative mì a sóm tì te sé lü a l é nün a sèm vióltar a sì lur a ìn imperfect indicative mì a sévu tì te sévi lü a l éva nün a sévum vióltar a sévi lur i ìvan future indicative mì a saró tì te saré lü a l sarà nün a sarèm vióltar a sarì lur a a saràn present conjunctive che mì sìa che tì ta sìa che lü l sia che nün sìum che vióltar sìi che lur sìan imperfect subjunctive che mì füsu che tì te füsi che lü l füs füdés che nün a füsum che vióltar füsi che lur a füsan present conditional mì sarìa sarisu tì te sarìa sarisi lü a l sarìa sarìs nün sarìum sarìsum vióltar sarisi lur sarìan sarìsan infinite present vès past participle sta the auxiliary verb avé to have edit present indicative mì ó tì t é lü l à nün èm vióltar avì lur àn imperfect indicative mì évu t évi lü l éva nün évum vióltar évi lur évan future indicative mì avaró tì avaré lü l avarà nün avarèm vióltar avarì lur avaràn present conjunctive che mì abia che tì abia che lu l abia che nün àbium che vióltar avì che lur àbian imperfect subjunctive che mì avésu che tì t avési che lu a l avés che nün avésum che vióltar avisi che lur avésan present conditional mì avarìa avarisu tì t avarìa avarisi lu l avaria avarìs nüm avarìum avarìsum vióltar avarisi lur avarìan avarìsan infinite present avé past participle vü the first conjugation saltà to jump edit present indicative mì a saltu tì te salti lù l salta nün a saltum vióltar a saltì lur i saltan imperfect indicative mì a saltavu tì te saltavi lù l saltava nün a saltàvum vióltar a saltavi lur a saltàvan future indicative mì a saltaró tì te saltaré lü l saltarà nün a saltarèm vióltar a saltarì lur a saltaràn present conjunctive che mì a saltu che tì te salti che lü l salta che nün a saltum che vióltar a saltì che lur i saltan imperfect subjunctive che mì saltasu che tì te saltasi che lü l saltàs che nün saltàsum che vióltar saltasi che lur saltàsan present conditional mì saltarisu tì te saltarisi lü l saltarìs nün saltarìsum vióltar saltarisi lur saltarìsan infinite present saltà past participle saltà the second conjugation vidé to see edit present indicative mì a védu tì te védi lù l védi nün a védum vióltar a vidì lur a védan imperfect indicative mì a vidévu tì te vidévi lü l vidéva nün a vidévum vióltar a vidévi lur a vidévan future indicative mì a vedaró tì te vedaré lü l vedarà nün a vedarèm vióltar a vedarì lur a vedaràn present conjunctive che mì a védu che tì te védi che lü l véda che nün a védum che vióltar a vedì che lur a védan imperfect subjunctive che mì vidésu che tì te vidési che lü l vidés che nün vidésum che vióltar videsi che lur vidésan present conditional mì vedarisu tì te vedarisi lü l vedarìs nün vedarìsum vióltar vedarisi lur vedarìsan infinite present vidé past participle vistu the third conjugation dèrvi to open edit present indicative mì a dèrvu ecc tì te dèrvi lü l dèrvi nün a dèrvum vióltar a dervì lur a dèrvan imperfect indicative mì a dervivu tì te dervivi lü l derviva nün a dervévum vióltar a dervevi lur i ...
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