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ραίον is a temple erected in classical antiquity by the worshippers of mithras most mithraea can be dated between 100 bc and 300 ad mostly in the roman empire the mithraeum was either an adapted natural cave cavern or building imitating a cave where possible the mithraeum was constructed within or below an existing building such as the mithraeum found beneath the basilica of san clemente in rome while most mithraea are underground some feature openings in the ceiling to allow light to enter a reminder of the connection to the universe and the passage of time the site of a mithraeum may also be identified by its singular entrance or vestibule which stands across from an apse at the back of which stands an altar on a pedestal often in a recess and its cave called the spelaeum or spelunca with raised benches along the side walls for the ritual meal many mithraea that follow this basic plan are scattered over much of the roman empire s former territory mainly where the legions were stationed along the frontiers such as britain others may be recognized by their characteristic layout even though converted into crypts beneath christian churches from the structure of the mithraea it is possible to surmise that worshippers gathered for a common meal seated on the benches lining the walls finally the ubiquity of the mithraeums distinctive banqueting benches implies the ubiquity of the cult meal as the liturgie ordinaire 1 the mithraeum primarily functioned as an area for initiation into which the soul descends and exits the mithraeum itself was arranged as an image of the universe some researchers note that this movement especially in the context of mithraic iconography see below seems to stem from the neoplatonic concept that the running of the sun from solstice to solstice is a parallel for the movement of the soul through the universe from pre existence into the body and then beyond the physical body into an afterlife similarly the persians call the place a cave where they introduce an initiate to the mysteries revealing to him the path by which souls descend and go back again for eubulus tells us that zoroaster was the first to dedicate a natural cave in honour of mithras the creator and father of all this cave bore for him the image of the cosmos which mithras had created and the things which the cave contained by their proportionate arrangement provided him with symbols of the elements and climates of the cosmos trans arethusa edition 1 notable mithraea edit belgium tienen mithraeum bosnia and herzegovina jajce konjic egypt alexandria memphis oxyrhynchus papyri evidence hermopolis and other cities 2 france angers biesheim mackwiller mariana sarrebourg strasbourg district of koenigshoffen germany polychrome reproduction of the mithraic banquet scene featuring mithras and the sun god banqueting on the hide of the slaughtered bull dating to 130 ad lobdengau museum ladenburg germany cologne dieburg darmstadt frankfurt heddernheim freiburg im breisgau mithraeum relics from riegel displayed in freiburg museum gimmeldingen mithras heiligtum gimmeldingen sehenswertes german language güglingen hanau heidelberg kurpfälzisches museum königsbrunn near augsburg mainz consecration altars of the mithraeum mogontiacum neuss legionslager castra novaesia osterburken riegel am kaiserstuhl 1 near freiburg im breisgau saalburg saarbrücken schwarzerden wiesloch greece elefsina 3 aigio 4 thermes 5 hungary aquincum mithraeum of victorinus remains open within aquincum archaeological park savaria mithraeum fertorakos mithraeum iran mithra temple of maragheh an underground rock cut sanctuary in iran near varjovi village built during the parthian era for the worship of mithra israel caesarea maritima possibly in jerusalem via dolorosa near the second station where two vases with specific iconography were excavated italy mithraeum in the lowest floor in the basilica of san clemente in rome in the city of rome mithraeum of the circus maximus remains open by appointment barberini mithraeum remains open by appointment mithraeum of san clemente under the basilica of san clemente remains visible in the archaeological museum mithraeum of the baths of caracalla remains open by appointment castra peregrinorum mithraeum under the church of santo stefano rotondo remains open by appointment mithraeum under the santa prisca basilica remains open by appointment mithraeum of the seven spheres in ostia antica in campania mithraeum of santa maria capua vetere mithraeum of naples in lazio mithraeum in the crypt of the romanesque church of the madonna del parto sutri lebanon sidon mithraeum romania a reconstructed mithraeum in the brukenthal museum s lapidarium with some of the items unearthed at apulum alba iulia ulpia traiana sarmizegetusa spain mitraeum of cabra andalusia 6 mitraeum of els munts roman villa tarragona 6 university museum a domus do mitreo the domus of the mithraeum next to the roman walls of lugo in galicia 6 switzerland martigny ancient octodurus a reconstructed mithraeum 2 syria mithraeum of dura europos transported to and rebuilt at yale university s gallery of fine arts hawarte 7 turkey zerzevan castle united kingdom caernarfon mithraeum wales carrawburgh hadrian s wall england remains open london mithraeum england remains open rudchester mithraeum england references edit a b beck roger 2000 ritual myth doctrine and initiation in the mysteries of mithras new evidence from a cult vessel the journal of roman studies 90 145 180 doi 10 2307 300205 issn 0075 4358 the new mithraeum database archaeological site of eleusis mithraeum efada gr retrieved 2023 10 21 kolia erofili iris e kolia the cult of mithras in aigion l acaia e l italia meridionale contatti scambi e relazioni dall antichità ai nostri giorni atti del convegno eghio 6 9 luglio 2006 208 221 erofili iris kolia pdf academia edu retrieved 2023 10 21 ministry of culture and sports relief of mithras tauroctonos mithras the bull slayer at thermes odysseus culture gr retrieved 2023 10 21 a b c hallazgo histórico en cabra con el descubrimiento del primer mitreo de andalucía diario abc in spanish 2023 02 06 retrieved 2025 11 24 hawarte pcma uw edu pl retrieved 2020 07 08 external links edit list of mithraea from mithraeum eu capua s mithraeum santa maria capua vetere v t e mithraism theology deities mithras mithra cautes and cautopates arimanius aion comparison ancient roman religion christianity the influence of the mystery religions on christianity concepts place of worship and objects mithraeum spelaea tauroctony mithraic reliefs of jort mithraic banquet mithras of fiano romano literature mithras liturgy mithraic catechism mithraeums mithra temple of maragheh london mithraeum hawarte mithraeum spelaea jajce mithraeum tienen mithraeum konjic mithraeum golubić mithraeum v t e ancient greek religion and mythology religion and religious practice main beliefs ages of man golden age heroic age ancient accounts of homer apotheosis arete cult of zeus daemon destiny eudaimonia euhemerism eunoia eusebeia golden mean golden rule greek words for love hemitheos hero cult hubris interpretatio graeca katabasis kleos know thyself metamorphosis metempsychosis nympholepsy paradoxography patron gods pederasty phronesis polytheism sophrosyne soter theia mania xenia texts odes epic poems epic cycle aethiopis cypria iliad iliupersis little iliad nostoi odyssey telegony theban cycle oedipodea thebaid epigoni alcmeonis others aesop s fables aretalogy argonautica bibliotheca catalogue of women cyranides delphic maxims derveni papyrus dionysiaca golden verses of pythagoras greek magical papyri homerica homeric hymns interpretation of dreams oneirocritica orphic hymns papyrus graecus holmiensis sibylline books sortes astrampsychi stories from plato atlantis myth of er ring of gyges theogony works and days religions antecedents minoan religion mycenaean religion list of mycenaean deities paleo balkan mythology proto indo european mythology religions of the ancient near east expressions atheism henotheism monotheism polytheism hellenistic religions early christianity christianization relationship with greek philosophy esoteric systems early alchemy gnosticism hermeticism neoplatonism hellenistic judaism god fearers hypsistarians syncretic religions alexander ptolemaic cult etruscan religion greco buddhism roman religion imperial cult religious views of emperor julian mystery religions and sacred mysteries arcadian mysteries delos mysteries dionysian mysteries eleusinian mysteries imbrian mysteries mithraism mysteries of isis orphism samothracian mysteries new religious movements discordianism feraferia gaianism hellenism religious practice worship rituals amphidromia anasyrma arotoi hieroi astragalomancy baptes cult of artemis at brauron daduchos divination funeral and burial practices funeral oration greco roman mysteries hero cult heroön hierophany hieros gamos hymns incubation komos nekyia omophagia orgia panegyris prayer sacrifice animal sacrifice hecatomb holocaust libation pharmakos votive offering theatre religious offices amphictyonic league archon basileus basilinna gerarai hiereia hierophant hierophylakes iatromantis kanephoros mystagogue oracle sibyl thiasus religious objects baetyl cult image chryselephantine sculpture xoanon greek terracotta figurines kernos kykeon loutrophoros omphalos panathenaic amphora rhyton sacrificial tripod sceptre thymiaterion magic apotropaic magic curse tablet divination ephesia grammata greek magical papyri hermeticism hermetica necromancy philia events festivals feasts actia adonia agrionia amphidromia anthesteria apellai apaturia aphrodisia arrhephoria ascolia bendidia boedromia brauronia buphonia chalceia diasia delia delphinia dionysia ecdysia elaphebolia gamelia halieia haloa heracleia hermaea hieromenia iolaia kronia lenaia leucophryna lykaia metageitnia munichia oschophoria pamboeotia pandia plynteria ptolemaieia pyanopsia skira synoikia soteria tauropolia thargelia theseia thesmophoria games agon panathenaic games rhieia panhellenic games olympic games heraean games pythian games nemean games isthmian games actia sacred places temples sanctuaries asclepieion delphinion mithraeum necromanteion of acheron nymphaeum panionium parthenon ploutonion telesterion temenos temple of artemis ephesus temple of zeus olympia oracles amphiareion of oropos aornum claros delphi didyma dodona oracle of apollo thyrxeus at cyaneae oracle of apollo at ptoion oracle of artemis at ikaros oracle of menestheus sanctuary of the great gods tegyra mountains cretea mount ida crete mount ida turkey mount lykaion olympus caves cave of zeus aydın caves of pan psychro cave vari cave islands island of achilles delos islands of diomedes springs castalian spring hippocrene pierian spring others athenian sacred ships paralus salaminia eleusis hiera orgas kanathos olympia sacred way theatre of dionysus myths and mythology deities family tree primordial deities aether ananke chaos chronos erebus eros gaia hemera nyx phanes pontus thalassa tartarus uranus titans first generation coeus crius cronus hyperion iapetus mnemosyne oceanus phoebe rhea tethys theia themis second generation asteria astraeus atlas eos epimetheus helios leto menoetius metis pallas perses prometheus selene third generation hecate hesperus phosphorus twelve olympians aphrodite apollo ares artemis athena demeter dionysus hephaestus hera hermes hestia poseidon zeus water deities amphitrite alpheus ceto glaucus naiads nereids nereus oceanids phorcys poseidon proteus river gods scamander thaumas thetis triton love deities erotes anteros eros hedylogos hermaphroditus himeros hymen hymenaeus pothos aphrodite aphroditus philotes peitho war deities adrestia alala alke amphillogiai androktasiai ares athena bia deimos enyalius enyo eris gynaecothoenas homados hysminai ioke keres kratos kydoimos ma machai nike palioxis pallas perses phobos phonoi polemos proioxis chthonic deities psychopomps charon hermes hermanubis thanatos angelos cabeiri the erinyes furies hades pluto hecate hypnos keres lampad melinoë persephone zagreus health deities aceso aegle artemis apollo asclepius chiron darrhon eileithyia epione hebe hygieia iaso paean panacea telesphorus sleep deities empusa epiales hypnos pasithea oneiroi messenger deities angelia arke hermes iris trickster deities apate hermes momus magic deities circe hecate hermes trismegistus pasiphaë art and beauty deities aphrodite apollo the charites graces aglaea euphrosyne thalia dionysus the muses calliope clio polyhymnia euterpe terpsichore erato melpomene thalia urania other major deities the anemoi winds boreas eurus notus zephyrus azone chrysaor cybele eileithyia glycon harmonia nemesis pan pegasus zelus heroes heroines individuals abderus achilles actaeon adonis aeneas ajax the great ajax the lesser akademos amphiaraus amphitryon antilochus atalanta autolycus bellerophon bouzyges cadmus chrysippus cyamites daedalus diomedes dioscuri castor and polydeuces echetlus eleusis erechtheus eunostus ganymede hector heracles icarus iolaus jason meleager menelaus narcissus nestor odysseus oedipus orpheus otrera pandion peleus pelops penthesilea perseus theseus triptolemus groups argonauts calydonian hunters epigoni seven against thebes oracles seers aesacus aleuas amphiaraus amphilochus ampyx anius asbolus bakis branchus calchas carnus carya cassandra elatus ennomus epimenides halitherses helenus iamus idmon manto melampus mopsus munichus phineus polyeidos polypheides pythia sibyls cimmerian cumaean delphic erythraean hellespontine libyan persian phrygian samian telemus theiodamas theoclymenus tiresias other mortals aegeus aegisthus agamemnon andromache andromeda antigone augeas briseis cassiopeia creon of thebes chryseis chrysothemis clytemnestra damocles deidamia deucalion electra eteocles europa gordias hecuba helen of troy hellen the heracleidae hermione hippolyta io iphigenia ismene jocasta laius lycian peasants lycaon the maenads memnon messapian shepherds midas minos myrrha neoptolemus niobe orestes paris patroclus penelope philomela phoenix polybus of corinth polynices priam procne pylades pyrrha telemachus troilus underworld entrances to the underworld rivers acheron cocytus eridanos lethe phlegethon styx lakes swamps acherusia avernus lake lerna lake caves cave at cape matapan cave at lake avernus cave at heraclea pontica charoniums charonium at aornum charonium at acharaca ploutonion ploutonion at acharaca ploutonion at eleusis ploutonion at hierapolis necromancy temple necromanteion of acheron places elysium erebus fields of asphodel isles of the blessed mourning fields tartarus judges aeacus minos rhadamanthus guards campe cerberus residents anticlea danaïdes eurydice ixion ocnus salmoneus the shades sisyphus tantalus tiresias titans tityos visitors dionysus heracles hermes odysseus orpheus pirithous psyche theseus symbols objects bident cap of invisibility charon s obol animals daemons and spirits as...
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