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d from simmondsiaceae species of north american desert shrub not to be confused with jujube jojoba jojoba simmondsia chinensis shrub scientific classification kingdom plantae clade tracheophytes clade angiosperms clade eudicots order caryophyllales family simmondsiaceae tiegh genus simmondsia nutt species s chinensis binomial name simmondsia chinensis link c k synonyms 1 list brocchia dichotoma mauri buxus californica nutt baill buxus chinensis link celastrus obtusatus c presl simmondsia californica nutt simmondsia pabulosa kellogg jojoba h ə ˈ h oʊ b ə ⓘ botanical name simmondsia chinensis also commonly called goat nut deer nut pignut wild hazel quinine nut coffeeberry and gray box bush 2 is an evergreen dioecious shrub native to the southwestern united states and northern mexico simmondsia chinensis is the sole species of the family simmondsiaceae placed in the order caryophyllales the name jojoba is a hispanicization from hohohwi in oʼodham 2 3 not to be confused with the almost homographic but unrelated jujube ziziphus zizyphus commonly grown in china jojoba is grown commercially in its area of origin and in other semi arid regions to produce jojoba oil a liquid wax ester extracted from its seed jojoba oil is highly valued in the cosmetics industry distribution edit the plant is a native shrub of the sonoran desert 4 colorado desert baja california desert and california chaparral and woodlands habitats in the peninsular ranges and san jacinto mountains it is found in southern california arizona and utah u s and baja california state mexico jojoba is endemic to north america and occupies an area of approximately 260 000 square kilometers 100 000 sq mi between latitudes 25 and 31 north and between longitudes 109 and 117 west 4 description edit simmondsia chinensis or jojoba typically grows to 1 2 meters 3 3 6 6 ft tall with a broad dense crown but there have been reports of plants as tall as 3 meters 9 8 ft 4 the leaves are opposite ovalish in shape 2 4 centimeters 0 79 1 57 in long and 1 5 3 centimeters 0 59 1 18 in broad thick waxy and glaucous gray green in color 5 jojoba is an evergreen but it sometimes sheds its leaves as a response to severe droughts 2 the flowers are small and greenish yellow with 5 6 sepals and no petals the plant typically blooms from march to may 5 reproduction edit each plant is dioecious with hermaphrodites being extremely rare 2 in the wild the sexes appear in the ratio of 5 males for 1 female 6 the fruit is an acorn shaped ovoid three angled capsule 1 2 centimeters 0 39 0 79 in long partly enclosed at the base by the sepals the mature seed is a hard oval that is dark brown and contains an oil liquid wax content of approximately 54 an average sized bush produces 1 kilogram 2 2 lb of pollen to which few humans are allergic 2 the female plants produce seed from flowers pollinated by the male plants jojoba leaves have an aerodynamic shape creating a spiral effect which brings wind borne pollen from the male flower to the female flower even though the male flowers are attractive for bees and are a pollen source jojoba is anemophilous because its female flowers are not attractive to pollinators 7 in the northern hemisphere pollination occurs during february and march in the southern hemisphere pollination occurs during august and september female flower close up of male simmondsia chinensis flowers jojoba fruits jojoba seed genetics edit the jojoba genome was sequenced in 2020 and reported to be 887 mb consisting of 26 chromosomes and is predicted to have 23 490 protein coding genes 8 somatic cells of jojoba are tetraploid the number of chromosomes is 2 n 4 x 52 9 taxonomy edit despite its scientific name simmondsia chinensis the plant is not native to china the botanist johann link originally named the species buxus chinensis after misreading a collection label calif referring to california as china jojoba was collected again in 1836 by thomas nuttall who described it as a new genus and species in 1844 naming it simmondsia californica but priority rules require that the original specific epithet be used in the cronquist system the family was placed in euphorbiales whereas in the apg system it is placed in caryophyllales production edit the united states is the largest producer of jojoba oil followed by mexico due to its economic potential the plant has been cultivated for over 30 years in several countries jojoba oil production has increased significantly and is expected to continue growing due to rising demand particularly in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries jojoba has no significance in the global food system as it is a non edible plant with no human nutritional value various cultivars such as benzioni and hazerim are available known for their high yields 10 uses edit jojoba oil in a clear glass vial jojoba foliage provides year round food for many animals including deer javelina bighorn sheep and livestock its seeds are eaten by squirrels rabbits other rodents and larger birds only bailey s pocket mouse however is known to be able to digest the wax found inside the jojoba seed in large quantities jojoba seed meal is toxic to many mammals later this effect was found to be due to simmondsin which inhibits hunger the indigestible wax acts as a laxative in humans consistent use of jojoba oil is thought to help regulate the skin s oil production additionally it has a longer shelf life than other natural oils making it a durable ingredient in skincare products medically jojoba oil can relieve headaches throat inflammation and treat wounds it has anti inflammatory antimicrobial antifungal and insecticidal properties after oil extraction the leftover jojoba meal can be used as a low cost livestock feed jojoba leaves also contain antioxidant flavonoids which have been studied for their potential in treating asthma inflammation and cancer 11 native american uses edit native americans first made use of jojoba during the early 18th century jesuit missionaries on the baja california peninsula observed indigenous peoples heating jojoba seeds to soften them they then used a mortar and pestle to create a salve or buttery substance the latter was applied to the skin and hair to heal and condition the o odham people of the sonoran desert treated burns with an antioxidant salve made from a paste of the jojoba seed 2 native americans also used the salve to soften and preserve animal hides pregnant women ate jojoba seeds believing they assisted during childbirth hunters and raiders ate jojoba on the trail to keep hunger at bay the seri who utilize nearly every edible plant in their domain do not regard the seeds as real food and in the past ate it only in emergencies 2 introduction to europe edit archibald menzies was the botanist with the vancouver expedition that arrived in santa barbara california in november 1793 he was given fruit and plants of the jojoba by padre of the san diego mission these survived the voyage back to the uk and were planted in the royal botanic gardens at kew near london 12 408 contemporary uses edit wild jojoba seed market on the san carlos apache indian reservation in arizona jojoba is grown for the liquid wax commonly called jojoba oil in its seeds 13 the oil is rare in that it is an extremely long c36 c46 straight chain wax ester and not a triglyceride making jojoba and its derivative jojoba esters more similar to whale oil than to traditional vegetable oils jojoba oil has also been discussed as a possible biodiesel fuel 14 15 16 but it cannot be cultivated on a scale to compete with traditional fossil fuels so its use is restricted to personal care products 17 cultivation edit plantations of jojoba have been established in a number of desert and semi desert areas predominantly in argentina australia israel mexico peru and the united states it is currently the sonoran desert s second most economically valuable native plant overshadowed only by washingtonia filifera california fan palms used as ornamental trees jojoba prefers light coarsely textured soils good drainage and water penetration is necessary it tolerates salinity and nutrient poor soils soil ph should be between 5 and 8 18 jojoba grows best in young coarse soils with minimal profile development these soils primarily derived from acid igneous materials are typically found on slopes exceeding 3 up to over 30 percent on north facing slopes the moisture retention is often better and thus can better support jojoba especially young plants 19 high temperatures are tolerated by jojoba but frost can damage or kill plants 20 jojoba can endure extreme temperature with summer temperatures up to 46 c 115 f however they can on the other hand experience leaf damage in cold conditions the seedlings are more vulnerable suffering damage or death at temperatures between three and nine degrees below freezing 11 factors such as drought freezing conditions and biotic pressures can significantly impact seedling survival jojoba thrives at various elevations ranging from sea level to lower mountain slopes in arizona s sonoran desert it is commonly found between 600 and 1 300 m 2 000 and 4 300 ft this elevation range provides an ideal environment for jojoba characterized by well drained dry slopes or along wadis where water runoff can support plant growth 19 requirements are minimal so jojoba plants do not need intensive cultivation weed problems only occur during the first two years after planting and there is little damage by insects jojoba is well suited for areas with low annual precipitation typically flourishing where it exceeds 355 mm 14 in annually but it is possible to grow and survive for jojoba with a precipitation below 100mm the optimal range for precipitation is between 450 and 500 mm 18 and 20 in which provides the necessary moisture for growth but during the seed development a sufficient water availability is necessary 21 supplemental irrigation could maximize production where rainfall is less than 400 mm 16 in 18 there is no need for high fertilisation but especially in the first year nitrogen increases growth 22 jojoba is normally harvested by hand because seeds do not all mature in the same time yield is around 3 5 tonnes per hectare 3 100 lb acre depending on the age of the plantation 18 selective breeding is developing plants that produce more beans with higher wax content as well as other characteristics that will facilitate harvesting 2 farmers can establish jojoba plantations by selecting appropriate elevations and managing water resources due to its high product value and tolerance to soil salinity up to 12 ds m ¹ at ph 9 the crop is cultivated in arid regions for commercial oil production and desertification control for example jojoba has been planted to prevent desertification in the thar desert in india 1 2 research continues on options to further increase yields there are already findings on the types of pruning techniques for the bushes which are expected to make a difference in yields 23 processing technology edit jojoba oil is traditionally extracted by mechanically pressing the seeds often with the use of hexane to maximize yield resulting in a typical oil extraction of 35 43 other methods using organic solvents like chloroform or isopropanol can increase the yield to up to 55 a more environmentally friendly but more expensive method is supercritical co 2 extraction this method can be enhanced by adding co solvents such as ethanol transesterification is used to convert jojoba oil into biodiesel where the oil reacts with alcohol e g methanol in the presence of a catalyst e g sodium hydroxide both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts can be used as well as enzymatic catalysts which are more environmentally friendly but costlier 24 molecular breeding edit jojoba is a dioecious plant which brings one of its main challenges only the female bushes bear seeds that can be used for jojoba oil production the sex of the plant is only visible to the eye after flowering 3 4 years after planting 25 a proportion of 10 male plants is required in a field for efficient production about 50 of the plants grown from seed are male this genetic heterogeneity makes commercial cultivation questionable therefore vegetative propagation is preferred to ensure homogeneous and high yielding genotypes to differentiate between male and female plants several molecular markers have been developed 11 agrawal et al 2007 6 identified the sex specific random amplification of polymorphic dna genetic marker opg 5 a base segment of 1400 bp which only occurs in male plants agarwal et al 2011 11 found additional markers at approximately 525 bp and 325 bp specific to male plants using the amplified fragment length polymorphism method and the primers ecori gc msei gcg and ecori tac msei gcg additionally a female specific marker was found at approximately 270 bp with the primers ecori tac msei gcg gender specific microsatellite markers were also discovered over the past two decades a number of genetic marker have been developed that help determine the sex of the plant thereby reducing the risk for farmers by ensuring more accurate propagation of female plants 26 references edit simmondsia chinensis link c k schneid plants of the world online board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens kew 2017 retrieved 23 september 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 phillips steven j comus patricia wentworth eds 2000 a natural history of the sonoran desert university of california press pp 234 57 isbn 0 520 21980 5 mirov n t jan 1952 simmondsia or jojoba a problem in economic botany economic botany 6 1 41 doi 10 1007 bf02859193 1 2 3 gentry howard scott july 1958 the natural history of jojoba simmondsia chinensis and its cultural aspects economic botany 12 3 261 295 bibcode 1958ecbot 12 261g doi 10 1007 bf02859772 s2cid 20974482 1 2 simmondsia chinensis jepson eflora tjm2 the jepson herbarium 1 2 agrawal v sharma k gupta s et al identification of sex in simmondsia chinensis jojoba using rapd markers plant biotechnol rep 1 207 210 2007 doi 10 1007 s11816 007 0031 6 buchmann s l 1987 floral biology of jojoba simmondsia chinensis an anemophilous plant repository arizona edu sturtevant drew lu shaoping zhou zhi wei shen yin wang shuo song jia ming zhong jinshun burks david j yang zhi quan yang qing yong cannon ashley e march 2020 the genome of jojoba simmondsia chinensis a taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds science advances 6 11 eaay3240 bibcode 2020scia 6 3240s doi 10 1126 sciadv aay3240 issn 2375 2548 pmc 7065883 pmid 32195345 tobe hiroshi yasuda sachiko oginuma kazuo december 1992 seed coat anatomy karyomorphology and relationships of simmondsia simmondsiaceae the botanical magazine tokyo 105 4 529 538 bibcode 1992jplr 105 529t doi 10 1007 bf02489427 s2cid 31513316 perry aviad tel zur noemi dag arnon 2021 05 01 vegetative and reproductive response to fruit load in two jojoba simmondsia chinensis cultivars agronomy 11 ...
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