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description= Folios, Manuscripts, Paleography,
Codicology;
author= Julia Bolton Holloway;
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and scribes and illuminators of books monastic books would be the psalms psalters as above the gospels the bible in its entirety the church fathers the classic texts by roman authors terence virgil lucan statius ovid etc medicinal and herbal treatises etc then in the twelfth century the universities came into being from which women were excluded for centuries to come universities required different kinds of books the decretals being typical also aristotle whose philosophy was to be reconciled with theology with aquinas summae as well as massive commentaries to texts the lecture notes surrounding the text as gloss the universities coincide with the spiky gothic script which may have arisen from the crusaders exposure to islamic and hebrew culture including the arabic translations of aristotle as well as the hebrew bible there would be a later conscious return to the romanesque script for classical texts as deemed more appropriate to them a dislike of gothic which would constitute the humanist scripts and type fonts of the renaissance in both the romanesque and gothic periods besides the bookhands libraria there was also chancery script used for legal documents and charters by church and state which derived from roman cursive script it is important to study this script as well as often information surrounding a book written in libraria can be uncovered in archival research amidst such chancery documents written in that different script some books are even written in chancery script for instance the earliest commedia by dante s fellow chancery student under brunetto latino francesco da barberino while we lack an example of dante s own hand we learn that he typically wrote in chancery script his letters being tall and elegant not rounded for the laity became literate especially the italian merchant class making use of the learning of chanceries and they especially sought out vernacular texts like the roman de la rose the commedia the canterbury tales and the romances of king arthur a dante commedia can imitate a university text with an illumination like those in terence s comedies its text in italian and its gloss in latin upon each page women meanwhile excluded from education prized the book as symbolic of a lost power and desired to own beautiful books of hours for which see quentin massys painting of the flemish merchant and his wife entire websites are given to studying such book of hours there has been some study of the contexts of chaucer s canterbury tales of langland s piers plowman but in reality we need teams of scholars working together on projects in connection with the book those wisdom books produced by alfonso el sabio in spain cross linking with those produced by brunetto latino in exile and in florence next his student dante alighieri and the commedia and the book production centred around birgitta of sweden and christine de pizan who are continuing that tradition of advising rulers of europe on how to govern wisely and well writing prophetic sybilline books somewhere in all this is julian of norwich quietly producing a domestic version a homely version a truly excellent version of birgitta of sweden s massive revelationes not to influence kings but for her even christian her work next being treasured in cloistered communities even and especially where these are driven into exile and illiterate margery kempe copies them and elizabeth barton is made to do so all this we plan to include on our international congresses on the city and the book la citta e il libro here in florence may 2001 2002 2003 paintings can teach us a great deal about books their bindings their readership and their ownership and should be consulted for such purposes far more often than they are at present the virgin at the annunciation is shown surprised at her devotions her lectio divina in the midst of reading a book of the word her psalter or the prophecy of isaiah concerning her monastics in their sober garb black benedictines dominicans in their white carry startlingly brilliant red kermes dyed leather bound and clasped office books vocabulary script model which the scribe has in mind when he or she writes hand the particular scribe s writing duct the distinctive manner in which a particular scribe puts his strokes on the page e g the angle of holding the pen how the pen was cut the degree of pressure holding the pen the direction of the stroke etc stroke a single line made by the pen on the page if no change of direction is made in a single movement broken stroke a stroke on more than one movement having a sudden change of direction minim stroke e g that used for i the shortest and simplest stroke one often has to count nimims as us ms ns vs ins etc can look alike then work with context otiose stroke a superfluous stroke not part of a letter or abbreviation mark most common at end of word to indicate that it may or may not end in e biting the fusion of two strokes woven together in textura body of a letter is the part between two lines excluding ascenders and descenders lobe is the loop of p or b etc a curved stroke headstroke the cross of a t ascender descender the part of a letter above or below the line limb part of a letter attached to the mainstroke as right part of h downstroke direction of pen thicker and more pressure than upstroke direction of pen thinner and without pressure tyronian notes abbreviations icero s slave tyro employed a form of shorthand taking down his master s speeches that continued to be used in medieval manuscripts because it saved parchment the presence of an m or n could be indicated by a macron bar above the previous letter instead the us ending by various symbols likewise er while the various words making use of p like pro and per showed that qualities by the placement of abbreviations on the p in the italian folio verso above the last blue capital gives the word t un c but the n is merely a macron above the u so it looks at first like t uc following it where there is more space you will also see t unc now spelled out in the spanish leaf domin us gave the us as like a 9 a lengthy word like misericordiam might be written simply as m isericord iam as miam with abbreviations thereby saving much parchment and being merciful to the sheep of which it is said it took a flock to make a psalter pagan romans used slaves as scribes partly because the preparation of materials and writing upon scrolls was so cumbersome christians used both women and men in freedom and learning in the writing illuminating binding reading and singing of and from codices the best way to learn these manuscript abbreviations is to purchase and study adrian capelli dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane milan ulrich hoepli as this book is filled with plates and illustrations giving examples from all periods there is also an on line subscription version http www ruhr uni bochum de philosophy projects abbrev htm and now a free russian one http www hist msu ru departments medieval cappelli the abbreviations work not only for latin but also are used in vernacular texts for example in the julian of norwich showing of love manuscripts the book is also of use in helping date manuscripts as particular abbreviation forms can belong to some periods and not to others not only does one need to learn script and abbreviation taken over from classical rome but also musical notation taken over from greek musical notation employing neumes and later square notes on first none then four then five stave lines in medieval christian books these abbreviations occur also in sculpture even where inscriptions are given in roman capitals here we give the cantoria of luca della robbia in the museum of the opera del duomo florence the parts of the inscription in grey being implied through abbreviations the cantoria of luca della robbia today in the museum of the opera di duomo the above panel being in the bottom right recess below beneath l avd ate ev m in cimbalis iubila n tionis o mn is sp iritv s lavdet d omi n v m from psalm 150 lavdate d omi n v m in s an c t is eivs l avd a te ev m in f ir mamento v ir tvtis ei vs l avd a te ev m s ecvn d v m mvltitvdinem magnitvdi n is ei vs lavdate evm in sono tvbae lavdate evm in psalterio et cvthara lavdate evm in timpano et choro l avd ate ev m in cordis et organo l avd ate ev m in cimbalis bene sona n tibvs l avd ate ev m in cimbalis iubila n tionis o mn is sp iritv s lavdet d omi n v m our terms capital and lower case however come from the printing press and the cases of type capitals being kept in the top sections at the head or capvt the lower case letters in the lower part of the case inscriptions in capitals are given so in transcriptions in paleography one may well be giving texts from stone as above and in the ruthwell cross from silver from wood from fresco from fabric from skin from paper the rage to write is still about us in the graffitti on railroad carriages and in advertisements and shop signs once it was almost exclusively for sacred purposes now for commerce but the young may well be attempting inarticulately and in rebellion against the world of commerce to express the sacred the dignity of the name of the soul in relation to god i ll never forget seeing on a barn from a railroad carriage in belgium great golden letters upon purple like imperial texts like gospel texts roman calendar s with numbers so with dates romans liking to subtract as well as add mar may july october__january august december__april june september november__february 1 kalends 2 vi__________________iv 3 v__________________iii 4 iv_________________pridie nones 5 iii_________________nones 6 pridie nones_________viii 7 nones______________vii 8 viii________________vi 9 vii_________________v 19 vi_________________iv 11 v_________________iii 12 iv________________pridie idus 13 iii________________idibus 14 pridie idus__________xix_________________xviii_______________________xvi 15 idibus_____________xviii________________xvii________________________xv 16 xvii______________xvii________________xvi_________________________xiv 17 xvi___________________________________xv_________________________xiii 18 xv____________________________________xiv________________________xii 19 xiv___________________________________xiii_________________________xi 20 xiii___________________________________xii__________________________x 21 xii____________________________________xi__________________________ix 22 xi_____________________________________x__________________________viii 23 x______________________________________ix_________________________vii 24 ix_____________________________________viii________________________vi 25 viii____________________________________vii_________________________v 26 vii_____________________________________vi_________________________iv 27 vi______________________________________v_________________________iii 28 v_______________________________________iv________________________pridie kalendas 29 iv______________________________________iii________________________ martias 30 iii______________________________________pridies kalendas 31 pridie kalendas maias quinctilis aprilis iunias novembris sextilis februarius octobris decembris septembris ianuarius papyrus parchment vellum paper edieval european manuscripts were carefully copied on to the skins of animals on to parchment and the finer vellum from an original text placed on hinged wax tablets somewhat like the process of preparing text with computer type setting with initial drafts then the final version hair and flesh sides for which see the spanish leaf above of the carefully prepared skins were matched up in order not to have too great a disparity between the one folio verso and the next folio recto lines were pricked through the layers of skin for evenness then ruled sometimes with a furrow cut into the parchment as guide benedictines were meat eaters so parchment was readily available to them cistercians were vegetarians and until they started keeping sheep for wool on their land had little access to parchment by the tudor period in england however thomas more in utopia was saying the sheep are eating the people so many villagers being forced off the land and into the cities their former living space used to graze sheep instead earlier documents had been prepared on rolls or rotuli of papyrus such paper being re introduced by the arabs and now used in bound books st birgitta s own handwriting in swedish of the revelationes survives on sheets of sienese paper on scraps sewn together likely by st birgitta revelationes autograph fragment in swedish on sienese paper royal library stockholm sweden her paper manuscripts are not as beautiful the ink soaking into the substance as parchment or vellum ones but are useful in dating a text s production because of their watermarks trade marks used by paper makers and placed in the wires on which the sheets were placed to allow the water to drain from them these indentations being more transparent than the rest of the sheet we can date julian of norwich s paris manuscript to the elizabethan period and as written on paper made in flanders thus by brigittine nuns in exile there not by the later foundation of english benedictine nuns because of the watermarks in the manuscript s paper folios with the printing press and paper the memorable beauty of the medieval manuscript came to be lost until the possibility of reviving that cream background the shimmer of gold leaf the brilliance of alternating red and blue pigment on the screens of our computers both technological developments the printing press the computer can spread literacy the computer restoring dimensions lost for centuries to texts on using libraries merican scholars using continental libraries are well advised to come with a letter signed and sealed by their chancellor presenting their academic credentials as visiting american scholars chancellors enjoy exercising this privilege british libraries prefer instead a letter of introduction from a well known scholar in the field a senior colleague also have photocopies of these documents to give to the librarians requesting them in mediterranean countries books are usually not given out during siesta hours though one may be able to stay and read during that time typically one exchanges one s passport for the book or manuscript exchanging these back again on completion the vatican library does this with the exchange of the key for one s locker having the language of the host country as well as that of the manuscripts one studies is most useful it is also helpful to write ahead to the libraries where one knows one will do research this is required for instance in brussels a eurailpass is of the greatest assistance in spontaneously following leads in manuscripts plan to arrive at a city in the morning rather than the evening and book a place to stay at the tourist office in the railroad station on that arrival if one is clergy or rel...
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